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2024
INTRODUCTION
Acute ankle sprains account for nearly 2% of visits to the pediatric emergency department (PED). The Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) were developed as a safe and effective clinical decision-making tool for detecting the need for radiographs in adults with acute ankle pain. OAR state radiographs are required with at least one of the following:
1. Inability to bear weight immediately following the injury and for four steps in the ED
2. Bony tenderness at the posterior edge of the lateral or medial malleolus
OBJECTIVE
Few prospective cohort studies have attempted to assess OAR pediatric populations. This study investigates the validity and documentation of OAR within a single academic institution’s PED.
METHODS
This retrospective chart review included previously healthy patients aged 2-19 years who presented to the PED with a traumatic ankle injury between 2019 and 2021. Exclusion criteria were met with documented parental insistence for imaging studies. We compared calculated OAR predictive values to those in literature using Chi-squared tests and WINPEPI.
RESULTS
A total of 295 subjects were included. When only considering clinically significant fractures in the data analysis, 247 patients received X-rays and 42 clinically significant fractures were found. OAR were 100% sensitive (95% confidence interval 93.1–100.0), 12.2% specific (95% CI 8.2–17.2), with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 18.9% (95% CI 16.6–26.5), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% (95% CI 88.7–100.0). When comparing this study’s findings to those with similar design protocol, specificity was lower (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference in sensitivity, PPV, or NPV.
CONCLUSION
Implementing the highly sensitive OAR yielded zero missed fractures. Their poor specificity results in unnecessary radiation exposure, which also increases expense and wait time. Excess imaging may be attributed to ambiguous OAR criteria, their dependence on pediatric cooperation, and parental expectations for imaging studies.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2024
- Page : pp.59-66
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2024
Background/Objective:
Despite the known mutagenicity of cigarette smoke, only 10-15% of smokers will develop lung cancer in their lifetimes. What determines a smoker’s susceptibility to lung cancer is poorly understood. We identify the nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein Xeroderma pigmentosum Complementation Group C (XPC) as a tumor suppressor that may contribute to lungtumorigenesis when mutated and combined with cigarette smoke. Micronuclei, which are chromosome fragments and/or lagging chromosomes separated from the main nucleus, occur in many cancers, and indicate genomic instability. We hypothesize that cigarette smoke and XPC knockdown will cause genomic instability that will activate the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and increase the frequency of micronuclei and nuclear aberrancies.
Methods:
A human bronchial epithelial cell line (Beas-2B), and two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (H1299 and A549) with stable XPC lentiviral knock-down (shXPC) or control shRNA (shCtrl) were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or air control (AC). DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins were analyzed via immunoblot (Western). Micronuclei and nuclear aberrancies were quantified through cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMT) using immunofluorescence microscopy (DAPI).
Results:
Both CSE and XPC knockdown independently amplify expression of phospho-ATM (pATM), a DDR protein, in H1299 cells. Nuclear aberrancies increased significantly (p<0.05) with CSE in all three cell lines. Micronucleus frequency increased significantly with CSE in H1299 and Beas-2B cells (p<0.05) and with XPC knockdown in Beas-2B cells compared to shCtrl (p<0.001).
Scientific Impact and Implications:
We identified a previously uncharacterized role of XPC deficiency in augmenting cigarette smoke induced chromosomal breaks manifesting as micronuclei, particularly in non-cancerous Beas-2B cells. These findings offer insight into tumorigenesis in cigarette smoking and shed light on mechanisms of continued DNA damage in cancer cells. Future research should clarify the mechanisms of micronucleus formation in human translational specimens and pinpoint additional functions of XPC beyond NER, including in replication repair.- Book : 6(1)
- Pub. Date : 2024
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2024
AbstractConstitutive Photomorphogenesis Protein 1 homolog (COP1) is a conserved E3 ligase with key roles in several biological systems. Prior work in hepatocyte derived tumors categorized COP1 as an oncogene but its role in untransformed hepatocytes remains largely unexplored. Here we have investigated the role of COP1 in primary human hepatocytes as well as in two transformed hepatocyte models, HepG2 and HuH-7 cells. Contrary to a previous report, COP1 suppression via siRNA had no noticeable impact on HepG2 and HuH-7 proliferation and was associated with contrasting rather than congruent transcriptome changes. Clustering analyses identified patterns indicative of perturbed metabolism in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells whereas patterns pointed to cell proliferation impacts in HuH-7 cells. In HepG2 and primary hepatocytes, COP1 suppression reduced the expression important hepatic regulators and markers, which could be restored by the introduction of a siRNA resistant COP1 transgene. Strikingly, COP1 downregulation reduced hepatic nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF4A) abundance and function, as assessed by lower abundance of key HNF4A targets and reduced APOB secretion. HNF4A restoration partially rescued COP1 silencing in HepG2 cells. This study identifies COP1 as a key regulator of hepatocyte function, in part via HNF4A. COP1 was required to maintain HNF4A abundance and function in primary hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells, but not in HuH-7 cells. Lastly, by demonstrating contrasting roles of COP1 in HuH-7 and HepG2 cells, our findings also challenge previous work linking COP1 to hepatic tumorigenesis.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2024
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2024
Background: Breast cancer cells are characterized by enlargement of nuclei and variation of nuclear size. The more anaplastic of cell nuclei reflect more aggressive and malignant cells that affect increase proliferation rate. The aim of this study is to reveal whether there was any difference of anaplastic characteristic of breast cancer cells in high and low degree of proliferation rate. Material and Methods: Twenty-three cases of breast cancer were collected from archive of Pathology Department composed of high and low Ki-67 proliferations index. Anaplastic characteristics of cancer cells were obtained by measuring the area and pleomorphism of breast cancer cells in cytologic specimen from aspiration biopsy material. Result and Discussion: There were no differences between breast cancer cells’ size between high and low Ki-67 proliferation index while there was a difference pleomorphism between high and low Ki67. Conclusion: The degree of anaplasia in breast cancer cells has a relationship with cancer cells proliferation. Further research should be made to reveal the mechanism of this phenomenon.- Book : 21(1)
- Pub. Date : 2024
- Page : pp.1132-1135
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2024
This review is devoted to the analysis of the literature containing experimental and clinical data on radiation-induced changes in connective tissue and its cellular component to create an overall picture of the leading mechanisms of radiation fibrosis development.The review analyzed publications for the period 1995-2022, presented in three academic databases: Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science. In the search process, various combinations of logical operators (or, and, not) were used to combine search keywords (ionizing radiation, connective tissue, fibroblasts) to find relevant studies in academic databases. The development of radiation fibrosis is determined by radiation-induced changes in the properties and functions of fibroblasts. The article discusses the main biological effects of irradiation of fibroblastic cells with X-ray, gamma and alpha radiation, presents the mechanisms of radiation-induced differentiation in the fibroblast/myofibroblast system, and also notes the role of connective tissue microenvironment and oxidative stress associated with mitochondria in this process. The main experimentally established effects presented in the review and the general scheme of the mechanisms of non-lethal action of ionizing radiation on fibroblasts contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of radiation-induced fibrosis development- Book : 20(4)
- Pub. Date : 2024
- Page : pp.7-17
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2024
Reconstructing a 3D model of a scene from a set of multiple views poses a significant challenge in the field of computer vision. The advent of NeRF has marked a major breakthrough in this domain. However, there is a need to extend the capabilities of the NeRF model to enable editing tasks such as relighting and deformation, as well as to enhance its training efficiency. Neural reflectance fields introduce the concept of the reflectance equation into the NeRF framework to achieve relighting of the NeRF model. We leverage the TensoRF approach, which incorporates tensor decomposition and employs multiple tensors to store features, to expedite the training process of the NeRF model. Our novel method, called StensorR, combines the reflectance equation and tensor decomposition within the radiation field model framework. Differing from previous approaches, we employ a single tensor to store scene features and render the surface color of our scene using a simplified reflectance equation. This approach accelerates model convergence and enables relighting of the NeRF model. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a 50% faster convergence rate compared to existing relighting radiation field models, while successfully enabling relighting and improving the quality of synthesized images from new viewpoints.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2024
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2024
Abstract
Objective
to evaluate the non-inferiority of ultrasound puncture followed by non-guided tract dilatation compared to the standard fluoroscopy-guided PCNL.
Materials and Methods
40 patients with non-opaque kidney stones eligible for PCNL were randomly divided into two groups. The standard fluoroscopy-guided PCNL using the Amplatz dilator was performed in the XRAY group. In the SONO group, needle puncture was done ultrasound-guided followed by non-guided dilatation using Amplatz dilator based on the tract length. In cases of short-advancement, we used bi-prong forceps under direct endoscopic vision to dilate the parenchyma. The primary outcome was successful access.
Results
In 90% of cases in the XRAY and 95% in the SONO group access dilatation process was performed uneventfully at the first attempt (p = 0.5). In 45% of cases in the SONO group, bi-prong forceps was used as salvage for short-advancement. In one case in the XRAY group over-advancement occurred. The stone-free rate on CT-scan one month after surgery was 75% for the XRAY group and 85% for the SONO group. (p = 0.4). There were no significant differences in operation time, hospitalization duration, transfusion, or complication rates between the two groups.
Conclusion
Non-guided tract dilatation after the ultrasound-guided renal puncture in PCNL followed by bi-prong forceps tract dilatation as salvage in case of short-advancement, is not inferior to the standard fluoroscopy-guided PCNL for non-opaque renal stones while eliminating radiation hazard and the risk of over-advancement.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2024
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2024
The use of dual-gate field-effect transistors located on the base matrix crystal MH2XA031, controlled by a p–n junction needed to reduce the input current of operational amplifiers is studied. Typical circuits of operational amplifiers, containing: source repeaters connected to the inputs of the operational amplifier on complementary bipolar transistors; input differential stage on p-JFET with a “current mirror” load on n–p–n-transistors; input differential in the form of a “folded cascode” on a p-JFET are analyzed. To minimize the input current, it is re commended to use bootstrapped feedback to keep the drain-to-source voltage of the input JFETs low, independent of the input common-mode voltage, and to connect only the top gate of the dual-gate JFET to the op-amp input. The electrical circuits for MH2XA031 elements and the results of circuit simulation of the developed amplifiers, called OAmp10J, OAmp11.1, OAmp11.2, are presented. Accounting the established features of the input stages and operating modes of active elements in circuit design will allow to create an operational amplifier with the required combination of basic parameters.- Book : 21(6)
- Pub. Date : 2024
- Page : pp.29-36
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2024
A encefalopatia bilirrubínica crônica (Kernicterus), é uma complicação grave e rara da hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal decorrente do depósito de bilirrubina no sistema nervoso central, principalmente nos núcleos pálidos, subtalâmicos hipocampo, putâmen e tálamo. A apresentação clínica ocorre em quatro fases, desde letargia e hipotonia até paralisia cerebral espástica, distúrbio de deglutição e perda auditiva. O diagnóstico é feito de forma retrospectiva, envolvendo o atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e achados típicos em exames de imagem, como a ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM). O acompanhamento clínico multidisciplinar é fundamental após o diagnóstico para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. No presente relato de caso, apresentaremos um paciente de 1 ano e 3 meses que nasceu de parto cesáreo, termo e grande para idade gestacional, recebeu alta do alojamento conjunto com 72 horas de vida, dificuldade de sucção, baixo ganho de peso e icterícia no primeiro mês de vida, foi encaminhado com 30 dias de vida para um hospital da rede pública do Distrito Federal, evoluiu com anemia hemolítica com necessidade de transfusão de hemácias, após alta do serviço foi acompanhado ambulatorialmente. No quarto mês de vida foi observado em consulta de rotina atraso no desenvolvimento psicomotor e após diversos exames complementares foi diagnosticado com encefalopatia bilirrubinúrica.- Book : 7(1)
- Pub. Date : 2024
- Page : pp.232-240
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2024
Abstract
Background
New Zealand is home to over 120 native endemic species of skinks and geckos that have evolved through adaptive radiation over the last 24 million years, likely driven by the exploitation of diverse habitats formed during the Miocene. The recent adaptive radiation of animal hosts may facilitate viral host-switching, likely reflecting their close genetic relationships and therefore relatively low barriers for cross-species virus transmission. Conversely, as animal hosts adapt to new niches, even within specific geographic locations, so too could their viruses. Consequently, animals that have niche-specialised following adaptive radiations may be expected to harbour distinct viruses. Through a metatranscriptomic analysis of eight of New Zealand’s native skink and gecko species, as well as the only introduced lizard species, the rainbow skink (Lampropholis delicata), we aimed to reveal the diversity of viruses in these hosts and determine whether and how the adaptive radiation of skinks and geckos in New Zealand has impacted virus diversity and evolution.
Results
We identified a total of 15 novel reptilian viruses spanning 11 different viral families, across seven of the nine species sampled. Notably, we detected no viral host-switching among the native hosts analysed, even between those sampled from the same geographic location. This is compatible with the idea that host speciation has likely resulted in isolated, niche-constrained viral populations that have prevented cross-species transmission. Using a protein structural similarity-based approach, we further identified a highly divergent bunya-like virus that potentially formed a new family within the Bunyavirales.
Conclusions
This study has broadened our understanding of reptilian viruses within New Zealand and illustrates how niche adaptation may limit viral-host interactions.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2024
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