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2025
The family Onocleaceae represents a small family of terrestrial ferns, with four genera and around five species. It has a circumboreal to north temperate distribution, and exhibits a disjunct distribution between Eurasia and North America, including Mexico. Historically, the taxonomy and classification of this family has been subject to debate and contention among scholars, leading to contradictory classifications and disagreements on the number of genera and species within the family. Furthermore, due to this disjunct intercontinental distribution and the lack of detailed study across its wide range, this family merits further study to clarify its distributional pattern. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions were based on a concatenated sequence dataset for 17 plastid loci and one nuclear locus, which were generated from 106 ingroup and six outgroup taxa from three families. Phylogenetic analyses support that Onocleaceae is composed of four main clades, and Pentarhizidium was recovered as the first branching lineages in Onocleaceae. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggest that the stem group of Onocleaceae originated in Late Cretaceous, with subsequent diversification and establishment of the genera Matteuccia, Onoclea, Onocleopsis, and Pentarhizidium during the Paleogene and Neogene. The ancestors of Matteuccia, Onoclea, and Onocleopsis could have migrated to North America via the Beringian land bridge or North Atlantic land bridge which suggests that the diversification of Matteuccia + Onoclea + Onocleopsis closely aligns with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). In addition, these results suggest that Onocleaceae species diversity peaks during the late Neogene to Quaternary. Studies such as this enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and climatic conditions shaping disjunct distribution in ferns and lycophytes of eastern Asia, North America, and Mexico and contribute to a growing body of evidence from other taxa, to advance our understanding of the origins and migration of plants across continents.- Book : 14(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.510-510
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2025
Abstract
Stochastic fluctuations in the spin frequency ν of a rotation-powered pulsar affect how accurately one measures the power-law braking index, npl, defined through $\dot{\nu }=K\nu ^{n_{\rm pl}}$, and can lead to measurements of anomalous braking indices, with $\vert n \vert = \vert \nu \ddot{\nu }/ \dot{\nu }^{2} \vert \gg 1$, where the overdot symbolizes a derivative with respect to time. Previous studies show that the variance of the measured n obeys the predictive, falsifiable formula $\langle n^{2} \rangle = n_{\rm pl}^{2}+\sigma ^{2}_{\ddot{\nu }}\nu ^{2}\gamma _{\ddot{\nu }}^{-2}\dot{\nu }^{-4}T_{\rm obs}^{-1}$ for $\dot{K}=0$, where $\sigma _{\ddot{\nu }}$ is the timing noise amplitude, $\gamma _{\ddot{\nu }}^{-1}$ is a stellar damping time-scale, and Tobs is the total observing time. Here we combine this formula with a hierarchical Bayesian scheme to infer the population-level distribution of npl for a pulsar population of size M. The scheme is validated using synthetic data to quantify its accuracy systematically and prepare for its future application to real, astronomical data. For a plausible test population with M = 100 and injected npl values drawn from a population-level Gaussian with mean μpl = 4 and standard deviation σpl = 0.5, intermediate between electromagnetic braking and mass quadrupole gravitational radiation reaction, the Bayesian scheme infers $\mu _{\rm pl}=3.89^{+0.24}_{-0.23}$ and $\sigma _{\rm pl}=0.43^{+0.21}_{-0.14}$. The M = 100 per-pulsar posteriors for npl and $\sigma ^{2}_{\ddot{\nu }}\gamma _{\ddot{\nu }}^{-2}$ contain 87 % and 69 %, respectively, of the injected values within their 90 % credible intervals. Comparable accuracy is achieved for (i) population sizes spanning the range 50 ≤ M ≤ 300, with fractional errors ranging from 2 % to 6 % for μpl, and 12 % to 54 % for σpl, and (ii) wide priors satisfying μpl ≤ 103 and σpl ≤ 102, which accommodate plausible spin-down mechanisms with $\dot{K}\ne 0$ and $\vert \dot{K} / K \vert \gg \vert \dot{\nu }/\nu \vert$. The Bayesian scheme generalizes readily to other plausible astrophysical situations, such as pulsar populations with bimodal npl distributions.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : 22()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.e04354-e04354
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2025
ABSTRACTBackgroundFor delivering high radiation doses to pancreatic tumors, organ motion management is indispensable; however, studies on this are limited. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dynamic tumor tracking (DTT) moderately hypofractionated intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).MethodsPatients with histological confirmation for LAPC were included. A linac system, which was mounted with a gimbal function, was used for DTT‐IMRT. The prescribed dose was 48 Gy in 15 fractions. The primary endpoint was the 1‐year rate of freedom from locoregional progression (FFLP).ResultsDTT‐IMRT was successfully administered in 25 patients enrolled from four institutions. The median range of respiratory motion during DTT‐IMRT was 9.8 mm (range: 3.5–27.3 mm), and the median tracking accuracy was 2.6 mm (range: 0.7–5.2 mm). With a median follow‐up period of 13.9 months, the 1‐year FFLP rate was 75.3% (lower limit of one‐sided 80% confidence interval [CI]: 60.2%), which satisfied the predetermined primary endpoint. One‐year locoregional progression‐free survival, progression‐free survival, and overall survival were 56.0% (95% CI: 34.8%–72.7%), 44.0% (95% CI: 24.5%–61.9%), and 60.0% (95% CI: 38.4%–76.1%), respectively. Regarding nonhematologic toxicities, grade 3 acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was observed in two patients (8%), and two patients (8%) each experienced grade 3 late GI and non‐GI toxicities. No grade 4 or 5 nonhematologic toxicities were observed.ConclusionsDTT moderately hypofractionated IMRT shows preferable locoregional control without significant toxicity in patients with LAPC.Trial RegistrationUMIN000017521- Book : 14(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
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2025
- Book : 215()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.111235-111235
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2025
Purpose: Ketone bodies could be useful biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS) because the pathophysiological processes underlying MS disease progression induce metabolic stress. The purpose was to assess the relationships of ketone bodies with biomarkers of metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress in MS. Methods: Blood samples and neurological assessments were obtained from 153 healthy controls (HC), 187 relapsing-remitting (RRMS), and 91 progressive MS (PMS) patients. AcAc, BHB, and acetone were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Indices of inflammatory vulnerability (IVX), metabolic malnutrition (MMX), and metabolic vulnerability (MVX) were computed from the NMR profiles. Cholesterol, apolipoprotein, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant profiles were obtained. Regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and HC, RRMS, or PMS disease status. Results: AcAc and BHB levels were greater in MS compared to HC. BHB and ketone bodies were positively associated with disability on the MS Severity Scale and ambulation time. BHB was positively associated with IVX, MMX, and MVX. AcAc was positively associated with MMX and negatively associated with IVX and MVX. Total ketone body concentration was positively associated with MMX and MVX. BHB and AcAc levels were negatively associated with the amino acids alanine, valine, and leucine. Conclusions: Ketone bodies are associated with inflammatory vulnerability, metabolic vulnerability, and ambulatory disability measures in MS.- Book : 17(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.640-640
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.111722-111722
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2025
Thiopyrimidines represent one of the most active classes of compounds, possessing a wide spectrum of biological activities. Herein, we report the synthesis of 2-(heptylthio)pyrimidine-4,6-diamine (HPDA) via S-alkylation. The structure of HPDA was elucidated using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), high resolution mass (HRMS), and infrared (IR) spectroscopies.- Book : 2025(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.M1965-M1965
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2025
Background/Objective: Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in the skeleton, with key endocrine functions, particularly in regulating osteoblast and osteoclast activity to maintain bone quality. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a critical component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is well-known for its role in vasoconstriction during hypertension. Beyond its cardiovascular functions, Ang II participates in various biological processes, including bone metabolism. While its influence on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis has been documented, its effects on osteocytes remain unexplored. This study hypothesized that Ang II enhances the osteoclastogenic activity of osteocytes. Methods: Mouse calvariae were cultured ex vivo in an Ang II-containing medium, analyzed via immunohistochemistry, and evaluated for osteoclastogenic gene expression through real-time PCR. Western blotting was employed to assess protein levels and signaling pathway activation in the MLO-Y4 osteocytic cell line in vitro. Results: Ang II significantly increased the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). These effects were abrogated by azilsartan, a blocker targeting Ang II type 1 receptors (AT1R). p38 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK pathway were also activated by Ang II. Conclusions: Ang II enhances osteocyte-mediated osteoclastogenesis via AT1R activation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for bone diseases.- Book : 13(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.426-426
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