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2025
Abstract2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropyl-1,1-bisphosphonic acid (TyrBP), a nitrogenated bisphosphonate (NBP), has been synthesized in a one-pot two-step process involving the phosphonation of L-tyrosine with phosphorus reagents (PCl3 and H3PO3) followed by hydrolysis. TyrBP was characterized using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy, and underwent a 99mTc-radiolabeling study to produce a potential bone imaging agent using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent for 99mTc eluted from the 99Mo/99mTc generator. Optimization of the radiolabeling conditions was performed to achieve a high radiochemical yield.- Book : ()
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2025
ABSTRACTSepsis remains the leading cause of multiple‐organ injury due to endotoxemia. Astaxanthin (ASTA), widely used in marine aquaculture, has an extraordinary potential for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity. Purinergic receptor (e.g., P2X7R) activation is a powerful signaling in the modulation of inflammation. The effect of ASTA was investigated on the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptotic mediators, and P2X7R expression in the lung injury during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endotoxemia. Twenty‐four rats were blocked into four groups as Control, LPS, ASTA, and LPS + ASTA. LPS was administered by intraperitoneal injection and ASTA by gavage. Blood and lung samples were taken 6 h after the administrations. The methods were ELISA, western blotting, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Sepsis was confirmed by the elevations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α levels in bloodstream. Lung injury was determined by histopathological changes. There were increased P2X7R expression, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL‐1β, TNF‐α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), and Caspase‐3 and decreased B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) and glutathione (GSH) in the septic lung tissue (p < 0.05). ASTA treatment improved MDA, GSH, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, P2X7R, NF‐κB, Caspase‐3, and Bcl‐2 levels and reduced P2X7R immunoreactivity and histological abnormalities in the lung (p < 0.05). The production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, P2X7R expression, and apoptotic mediators in the lung is associated with LPS‐induced endotoxemia. The ASTA administration appears to regulate the expressions of P2X7R, NF‐κB, Bcl‐2, and Caspase‐3 improving the antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory response of the lung tissue in sepsis, in vivo.- Book : ()
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2025
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2025
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2025
Abstract
The evolutionary history underlying gradients in species richness is still subject to discussions and understanding the past niche evolution might be crucial in estimating the potential of taxa to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In this study we intend to contribute to elucidation of the evolutionary history of liverwort species richness distributions along elevational gradients at a global scale. For this purpose, we linked a comprehensive data set of genus occurrences on mountains worldwide with a time-calibrated phylogeny of liverworts and estimated mean diversification rates (DivElev) and mean ages (AgeElev) of the respective genera per elevational band. In addition, we reconstructed the ancestral temperature preferences of the genera. We found that diversification rates increase linearly with temperature, and hence decrease with elevation. This pattern is mainly driven by epiphytic genera. In contrast, overall genus age is highest at intermediate elevations where liverwort species richness peaks and decreases towards both ends of the elevational and thermal gradient. Our results further indicate that the ancestral lineages from which the extant liverwort genera descended had a preference for cool and humid habitats. We conclude that the extant liverwort species diversity accumulated over long time under these climatic conditions, which are today prevailing at mid-elevations of the world’s mountains. Subsequently, liverworts expanded their ranges from these temperate areas towards warm (with high diversification rates) and cold regions (with low diversification rates), located in contemporaneous (tropical) lowlands and high mountains, respectively. The conserved preference for temperate climates shared by the majority of liverwort lineages gives reason to the assumption that they will not be able to cope with the conditions induced by rapid climate warming, whereas the current low-elevation radiation may be less affected by climate change.- Book : 15(1)
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