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2025
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2025
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2025
Abstract
Recent research has been down on the removal of retained fuel particles from the first wall surfaces of the EAST superconducting tokamak, by using direct-current glow discharge cleaning (DC-GDC) under a strong magnetic field. The findings from these experiments reveal that GDC is highly effective in strong magnetic fields, boasting a significant fuel removal rate despite the plasma is strongly confined by the magnetic field. The cleaning process primarily targets the side portion of the limiter adjacent to the GDC anodes on the low field side via thermal desorption to access areas that are typically inaccessible to other plasma types. Additionally, it was noted that pulsed GDC is less effective in comparison to continuous GDC operation under intense magnetic field conditions. The efficiency of pulsed GDC mainly depends on the GDC duty cycle, which further suggests that thermal desorption is the predominant cleaning mechanism in such a strong magnetic environment. The integration of ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC) with GDC in a pulsed mode yields an efficiency increase of roughly 35% over ICWC alone and expands the scope of the cleaning area. DC-GDC in the EAST tokamak, under the influence of a strong magnetic field, offers the benefits of high conditioning efficiency and the capability to tackle areas that are challenging for other wall conditioning methods to reach. Its potential synergy with a variety of techniques could further augment the cleaning area and improve the efficiency of tritium removal. These insights serve as crucial benchmarks for the removal of retained tritium in the presence of strong magnetic fields in future fusion reactors.- Book : ()
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2025
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2025
Paclitaxel is a commonly used frontline chemotherapeutic drug for cancer treatment. It is known to be functional by arresting the microtubule disassembly during mitosis. Recently, a nonmitotic pathway has been evolving and thus contemplating the mitotic mechanism. Herein, using super‐resolution microscopy (SRM), the nuclear dynamics is directly visualized and the mechanism of paclitaxel treatment is unveiled. A new class of nontoxic, biocompatible, and highly fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) are used as a fluorescent probe that are highly capable to directly stain the nuclear DNA and capture the SRM imaging of chromosomes and the chromatin structures. Apart from SRM imaging of chromosomes during all stages of normal mitotic cell division, CNDs successfully visualize the formation of lagging, mis‐segregated, and bridging chromosomes, leading to the multi‐micronucleus formation upon paclitaxel treatment. A detailed chromatin remodeling analysis suggests that heterochromatin plays an important role in the formation of condensed multi‐micronucleus, ultimately leading to cell death.- Book : ()
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2025
AbstractWe analyzed the water‐soluble chemical composition of an 81.2‐m‐long ice core collected in 2019 from 6,000 m elevation on a south‐facing glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. The ice core chronology is based on variability in nitrate and calcium ions, which reveal an apparently seasonal periodicity (with winter maxima) throughout the core's length. Two annual boundaries are consistent with the tritium peak representing nuclear tests conducted in 1963 CE and with the spike in sulfate ions due to the eruption of Krakatau in 1883 CE. The ice core spans 145 years from 1875 to 2019 CE. Dating uncertainties due to the layer counting methodology were estimated as year for 1963–2019 CE and years for 1875–1963 CE. Comparison with earlier ice cores drilled on the northern side of the Himalayas revealed that the ion components exhibit inverse correlations with two key climatic indices: the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation Index. Composite analysis of reanalysis climate data suggests that these inverse relationships reflect springtime pressure patterns, which show regional differences between the northern and southern sides of the Himalayan range.- Book : 130(2)
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2025
This work explores a potential methodology for rectangular jet noise reduction that employs nozzle unsteady microjet excitation. Using high-fidelity computational studies and spectral analyses, major jet noise sources impacted by the applied actuation are identified. A heated supersonic rectangular jet is considered with a nozzle aspect ratio of 2:1 at a Mach number of 1.5. The current study essentially validates the hypothesis of a previous reduced-order analysis that predicted jet noise reduction through jet excitation at the harmonic or subharmonic of the dominant frequency associated with jets’ large-scale structures. Such noise reduction was attributed to the excitation-induced nonlinear energy exchange between the coherent modes. In the current study, the synthetic microjet actuation of the jet plume shear layer using 1% of the jet mass flow rate is implemented at the excitation ports located at the nozzle lip and directed along the jet axis. A resulting jet noise reduction of up to 4 dB at the peak radiation angle is predicted. An analysis of the near-field Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) results provides further insights into the impact of jet actuation on the modification of jet flow structures, thus addressing the effectiveness of the proposed noise control methodology.- Book : 15(3)
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- Page : pp.1180-1180
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2025
AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is an age‐related degenerative joint disease, prominently influenced by the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Although elevated IL‐6 levels in joint fluid are well‐documented, the uneven cartilage degeneration observed in knee OA patients suggests additional underlying mechanisms. This study investigates the role of interleukin‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) in mediating IL‐6 signaling and its contribution to OA progression. Here, significantly elevated IL‐6R expression is identified in degenerated cartilage of OA patients. Further, in vivo experiments reveal that intra‐articular injection of recombinant IL‐6R protein or activation of gp130 (Y757F mutation) accelerates OA progression. Conversely, knockout of IL‐6R or JAK2, as well as treatment with a JAK inhibitor, alleviates OA symptoms. Mechanistically, chondrocytes derived from degenerative cartilage exhibit impaired nuclear localization of SOX9, a key regulator of cartilage homeostasis. JAK inhibition stabilizes SIRT1, reduces SOX9 acetylation, and thereby facilitates SOX9 nuclear localization, promoting cartilage repair. Additionally, the JAK inhibitor‐induced apoptosis in p21‐positive senescent cells, and their targeted clearance successfully alleviates OA in p21‐3MR mice. In conclusion, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which inhibiting the IL‐6R/JAK2 pathway can alleviate OA. Furthermore, this study proposes targeting p21‐positive senescent cells as a new therapeutic strategy for OA.- Book : ()
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2025
AbstractNavigating complex extracellular environments requires extensive deformation of cells and their nuclei. Most in vitro systems used to study nuclear deformations impose whole‐cell confinement that mimics the physical crowding experienced by cells during 3D migration through tissues. Such systems, however, do not reproduce the types of nuclear deformations expected to occur in cells that line tissues such as endothelial or epithelial cells whose physical confinement stems principally from the topography of their underlying basement membrane. Here, it is shown that endothelial cells and myoblasts cultured on microgroove substrates that mimic the anisotropic topography of the basement membrane exhibit large‐scale 3D nuclear deformations, with partial to complete nuclear penetration into the microgrooves. These deformations do not lead to significant DNA damage and are dynamic with nuclei cyclically entering and exiting the microgrooves. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that these deformation cycles are accompanied by transient changes in perinuclear stiffness. Interestingly, nuclear penetration into the grooves is driven principally by cell‐substrate adhesion stresses, with a limited need for cytoskeleton‐associated forces. Finally, it is demonstrated that myoblasts from laminopathy patients exhibit abnormal nuclear deformations on microgrooves, raising the possibility of using microgroove substrates as a novel functional diagnostic platform for pathologies that involve abnormal nuclear mechanics.- Book : ()
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