Abstract Regional scale Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) has been proposed as a novel climate intervention to reduce the impact of global warming and associated marine heatwaves on the
Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The concept relies on artificially generated sea spray aerosols (SSA) at the ocean surface and their transport in sufficient quantities to low-level maritime clouds. A portion of the SSA that reaches cloud height can act as additional cloud condensation nuclei and modify cloud microphysical properties, potentially reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the sea surface. Although modelling data supports the MCB concept, field experiments demonstrating the dispersion of artificially produced sea spray aerosols to clouds have not been previously reported. Here, we show that within a field of low-level trade wind cumulus-type clouds, an aerosol plume generated at the sea surface on board a research vessel was rapidly advected to cloud base height. Aircraft measurements conducted during two different sampling strategies, detected the aerosol plume from the vessel’s sea water atomisation system just below cloud bases at 700–900 m altitudes. For an estimated surface level aerosol production rate of 4 × 1014/s, aerosol concentrations at cloud base were detected with peak number concentrations of up to ~1 × 103/cm3. Although such production rates of aerosol particles are orders of magnitude less than what is envisioned for any practical implementation of MCB, our results indicate that cloud perturbation experiments should now be possible using surface-produced sea spray aerosols.

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Abstract Objective In the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), reliable assessment of tumor aggressiveness remains a central task for dermatopathologists. Nuclear morphometric analysis (NMA) eliminates the subjectivity of visual assessment, providing standardized, objective data that can be easily compared and analyzed. This scoping review comprehensively synthesizes the current evidence on NMA in BCC diagnosis and subtyping. Methods This scoping review follows the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual (2020 version). We conducted a comprehensive three-step search across five electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and MEDLINE). A pre-registered protocol, which outlined the methodology, was published. A data extraction tool was used to systematically collect data from the included studies, followed by a narrative synthesis to summarize and interpret the findings. Results NMA aids in BCC diagnosis by identifying nuclear size, shape, and chromatin changes; it distinguishes BCC from benign lesions. Larger irregular nuclei correlate with high-risk subtypes and recurrence, whereas smaller nuclei are seen in low-risk cases. Chromatin heterogeneity and darker staining are markers of aggressive subtypes. Multivariate models integrating nuclear features demonstrate potential, though larger studies are required to validate clinical utility. Conclusions Currently, data on NMA’s applications in neoplastic dermatology are limited. Nonetheless, its potential as a tool for diagnosing, classifying, and potentially predicting the aggressive behavior of BCCs necessitates further exploration. This method has potential implications for various fields, including cytopathology. Additionally, its quantitative nature offers a solution to the automation challenges currently faced by overloaded histopathologic laboratories.

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Abstract Background The distinct tumor histopathology, molecular features, and psychosocial needs among adolescents and young adults (AYA) with brain tumors pose challenges within traditional healthcare systems. Establishing a multidisciplinary AYA neuro-oncology clinic has been proposed to address these gaps in care. This is the first study to describe the framework and patient profile of a multidisciplinary AYA neuro-oncology clinic in a quaternary cancer center in Canada. Methods Clinic framework was outlined and patients seen from December 2022 to June 2024 were included. Demographic profile, tumor characteristics, treatment details, clinical trial enrollment, and allied health referrals were collected. Barriers encountered were summarized. Results The clinic is composed of specialists in pediatric and adult neuro-oncology with seamless referrals to neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and allied health teams. A total of 100 patients (males 54%, females 46%) were seen with a median age of 24 years. Pediatric-type low grade glioma (PLGG) was the leading diagnosis. BRAF alterations were the primary molecular drivers. Twenty-nine patients received active neuro-oncology management in the clinic. Overall, 77 patients underwent at least one surgery, 31 patients received radiotherapy, and 43 patients received chemotherapy. Trametinib was the primary targeted treatment prescribed. Three patients were eligible and enrolled in clinical trials. Barriers identified included lack of peer support groups and paucity of available clinical trials. Conclusion This study provides insight into the clinical profile of patients seen in a multidisciplinary AYA neuro-oncology clinic in Canada. Multidisciplinary care is feasible and integral in addressing the multifaceted needs of AYAs with brain tumors.

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ABSTRACTIntroductionAboriginal patients face barriers to accessing cancer care. Few studies have evaluated the utilisation of radiotherapy or surgery in Aboriginal people. This study aims at assessing variation in types of cancer, degree of spread (DOS) at presentation, utilisation rates of cancer surgery and radiotherapy between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal cancer patients.MethodsRetrospective analysis of de‐identified linked datasets. All patients with registered notifiable cancer in the NSW cancer registry 2009–2018 separated by Aboriginality status were included.ResultsTotally 389,992 people were diagnosed in NSW during study period; 8970 people (2.3%) identified as Aboriginal. In univariate analysis, Aboriginal people presented at diagnosis with statistically significant younger age, greater comorbidity, advanced (DOS) and greater proportions living in most disadvantaged areas than non‐Aboriginal people. Based on univariate analysis, Aboriginal patients received radiotherapy more frequently than non‐Aboriginal patients (30.3% versus 26.0%, p < 0.01). Non‐Aboriginal patients underwent cancer surgery more frequently than Aboriginal patients (57.0% versus 51.2%, p < 0.01). When stratified by tumour type and adjustment for patient and clinical factors, radiotherapy and surgery utilisation varied by type of cancer.ConclusionsThe degree of cancer spread, and the presence of comorbidities remains a greater issue for Aboriginal people. Access to radiotherapy increased significantly for Aboriginal patients during the past 10 years. However, differences in surgical and radiotherapy utilisation exist. These differences can be partially explained by the greater DOS and presence of comorbidity in Aboriginal patients leading to less surgical intervention and greater requirement for radiotherapy.

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Hyperparathyroidism disrupts the balance of physiological bone formation and resorption by upregulating osteoclast activity. This leads to hypercalcemia, resulting in osteoporosis and eventually the formation of “brown tumors.” Currently used radiological and nuclear medicine imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism face challenges in accurately diagnosing bone-related complications. Molecular bone imaging techniques routinely consist of bone scintigraphy, with possible addition of bone-SPECT/CT. Recently, renewed interest has emerged in the use of Na[18F]F-PET/CT. Both applications are highly sensitive to in vivo osteoblast activity. However, the latter technique offers improved spatial resolution and sensitivity, as well as shorter incubation and faster scanning. This article summarizes current limitations and potential improvements in bone-SPECT/CT and Na[18F]F-PET/CT imaging in selected patients with hyperparathyroidism, compared to other relevant techniques and clinical parameters.

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