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2025
The observation-based analysis of drought development in the Uttar Pradesh region in India showed that, despite the area being relatively large, agricultural drought exhibits high spatial variability. However, the lack of net radiation data hinders the capacity to provide reliable estimates of evapotranspiration (ET), affecting the assessment of drought occurrence since its propagation across the hydrological system becomes very sensitive to the estimation of ET. The most prominent precipitation deficits occur during the monsoon season (June to October), showing that changes in the large-scale circulation are responsible for the impact of severe drought. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulates the variability of drought with a warm phase favoring drought development with the strongest influence between August and October. The climate change projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios suggest the intensification of drought events in the Uttar Pradesh region in the mid-century, with the Chambal River of the Ganges River basin being the most affected area in terms of precipitation and temperature. The projected scenarios correspond to an increase of 1.7°C for mean temperature, and 3.5°C for minimum and maximum temperature in the 2050 horizon, and a decrease of 400 to 800 mm for annual precipitation was projected under both RCPs.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are versatile organisms that catalyze the conversion of a wide range of carbon sources into biomolecules of great industrial interest. In this study, we exploited the ability of Gluconobacter spp. to synthesize levans. Among the isolated strains, Gluconobacter cerinus UELBM11 produced approximately 14.0 g L-1 of levan under non-optimized conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed that levan obtained from G. cerinus UELBM11 consisted of a β-(2→6)-D-fructose backbone with some β-(2→1) ramifications. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the purified levan was 8.78 × 105 Da. Thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) analysis indicated high thermal stability, with the maximum decomposition rate observed at 227.44 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a microporous morphology, and the antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that levan had a high scavenging capacity of 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, it has been demonstrated the levan produced by G. cerinus UELBM11 is a promising natural antioxidant and, owing to its microporosity and excellent thermal properties and stability, is a potential candidate as an additive in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
ABSTRACTMitochondria play a fundamental role in energy metabolism, particularly in high‐energy‐demand tissues such as skeletal muscle. Understanding the proteomic composition of mitochondria in these cells is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying muscle physiology and pathology. However, effective isolation of mitochondria from primary human skeletal muscle cells has been challenging due to the complex cellular architecture and the propensity for contamination with other organelles. Here, we compared four different methods to isolate mitochondria from primary human skeletal myoblasts regarding total protein yield, mitochondrial enrichment capacity and purity of the isolated fraction. We presented a modified method that combines differential centrifugation with a hypotonic swelling step and a subsequent purification process to minimise cellular contamination. We validated our method by demonstrating its ability to obtain highly pure mitochondrial fractions, as confirmed by Western Blot with mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear markers. We demonstrated that proteomic analysis can be performed with isolated mitochondria. Our approach provides a valuable tool for investigating mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and function in the context of skeletal muscle biology in health and disease. This methodological advancement opens new avenues for mitochondrial research and its implications in myopathies, sarcopenia, cachexia and metabolic disorders.- Book : 29(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Free-space laser communications offer a promising alternative for broadband data transmission in places where fiber optics are impractical. This technology, particularly effective at the 1.55 μm wavelength in the near infrared, also has potential applications in the medium-wave infrared (MWIR, 3–5 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8–14 μm) ranges. MWIR and LWIR are superior for transmission through fog, clouds, and dust, with LWIR offering stealth advantages thanks to natural thermal radiation. In addition, mid-infrared wavelengths benefit from reduced atmospheric scattering and signal distortion, making them much more reliable for free-space optical communications. Quantum cascade devices such as lasers, modulators, and detectors operating in the MWIR and LWIR ranges are seen as high-potential candidates for data transmission under poor weather conditions or in degraded environments. This Perspective reviews advances in mid-infrared optoelectronics and their applications in high-speed data transmission and integrated photonic technologies, offering insights for researchers and engineers working in this field.- Book : 10(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1-1
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2025
Abstract
Accurate characterization of space radiation exposure is critical to assess and communicate multiple health risks for crewmembers participating in future exploration missions. A combination of models and on-board instruments are utilized to meet this requirement. In this work, computational models are evaluated against spaceflight measurements taken within the International Space Station, the Orion spacecraft, the BioSentinel CubeSat, and on the Martian surface. All calculations and measurements cover the exact same time period defined by the Artemis-I mission, and all model calculations were performed blind—without prior knowledge of the measurements. The models are shown to accurately characterize the absorbed dose-rate in highly complex and diverse shielding configurations in locations from Earth to Mars.- Book : 11(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractThe radical polymerization kinetics of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) is explored in dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol (EtOH), ethanol‐water (EtOH/H2O), and water. In situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to study both solvolysis and polymerization kinetics. Hydrolysis of nonionized DMAEMA occurs in H2O and ethanolysis in EtOH/H2O mixtures to form both methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA), with the presence of water increasing the rate of ethanolysis in the mixed solvent. Although some solvolysis occurred in EtOH and EtOH/H2O containing 25 wt.% H2O, the rates are sufficiently low that essentially poly(DMAEMA) homopolymer is synthesized, unlike the DMAEMA/MAA copolymer formed in water and the DMAEMA/MAA/EMA terpolymer formed in water‐rich EtOH/H2O. A model is constructed to represent the polymerization of nonionized DMAEMA in solution, with the experimental results used to estimate key rate coefficients. The model predictions show good agreement with the experimental data on monomer conversion, average molar masses, and molar mass distributions. Similarly, the rate coefficients for polymerization of ionized DMAEMA are estimated based on experiments conducted in water at pH 1 and 4. The understanding gained from these studies is combined into a comprehensive mechanistic model to describe the polymerization of partially‐ionized DMAEMA in the presence of hydrolysis.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractWide‐bandgap (WBG) semiconductors are at the forefront of driving innovations in electronic technology, perpetuating Moore's Law and opening up new avenues for electronic devices. Although β‐Ga2O3 has attracted extensive research interest in advanced electronics, its high‐temperature and high‐speed volatile memory applications in harsh environment has been largely overlooked. Herein, a high‐performance hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN)/β‐Ga2O3 heterostructure junction field‐effect transistor (HJFET) is fabricated, exhibiting an off‐state current as low as ≈10 fA, a high on/off current ratio of ≈108, a low contact resistance of 5.6 Ω·mm, and an impressive field‐effect electron mobility of 156 cm2 （Vs）−1. Notably, the current h‐BN/β‐Ga2O3 HJFET exhibits outstanding thermal reliability in the ultra‐wide temperature range from 223 to 573 K, as well as long‐term environmental stability in air, which confirms its inherent capability of operation in harsh environments. Moreover, the h‐BN/β‐Ga2O3 HJFET demonstrates successful applications for accelerator‐in‐memory computing fields, including dynamic random‐access memory structure and neural network computations. These superior characteristics position β‐Ga₂O₃‐based electronics as highly promising for applications in extreme environments, with particular relevance to the automotive, aerospace, and sensor sectors.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) require precise small-field dosimetry, verified through patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA). This study evaluated the feasibility of using a single-crystal cadmium–zinc–telluride (Cd0.9Zn0.1Te, CZT) detector for PSQA in SRS and SBRT. We fabricated a CZT detector with Au electrodes and examined its fundamental characteristics, including dose linearity, dose rate dependence, energy dependence, angular dependence, source-to-surface distance (SSD) dependence, field size dependence, depth dependence, and reproducibility, under 6 and 10 MV LINAC beam irradiation and compared the results with those from a standard ionization chamber. The results revealed that the CZT detector demonstrated excellent linearity across 0–1000 cGy with minimal deviation in the low-dose region, negligible dose rate dependence, and minimal energy dependence, exhibiting a 2.2% drop at 15 MV relative to 6 MV. Its angular and SSD dependencies deviated slightly from the ionization chamber, consistent with the expected physical behaviors and correctable in clinical practice. The detector also revealed consistent performance over time with excellent reproducibility, and its depth dependence results were consistent with those of the ionization chamber. Thus, the CZT detector provides consistent performance in small-field measurements under varying conditions, satisfying the requirements for SRS and SBRT.- Book : 15(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1693-1693
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