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Cosmic rays, originating from celestial phenomena such as stars, supernovae, and other astrophysical sources, are composed of high-energy particles that enter Earth’ s atmosphere. Upon interaction with atmospheric nuclei, these primary cosmic rays generate an array of secondary particles, with muons constituting the dominant component at ground level. Muons, due to their relative abundance, stability, and well-characterized energy loss mechanisms, serve as critical probes for investigating the fundamental properties of cosmic rays. Studies of muon energy distribution, diurnal anisotropy, and their modulation by solar activity provide essential insights into the mechanisms of particle acceleration in cosmic ray sources and the influence of solar and atmospheric effects.
This study aims to characterize the counting spectrum and anisotropic properties of cosmic ray muons using a plastic scintillator detector system. The experiment was conducted over a three-month period, from December 2023 to February 2024, leveraging long-bar plastic scintillator detectors equipped with dual-end photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and a high-resolution digital data acquisition system. A dual-end coincidence measurement technique was implemented to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio by suppressing thermal noise and other background interferences. Comprehensive calibration of the detection system was performed using standard gamma-ray sources, including 137Cs, 60Co, and 40K, ensuring precise energy scaling and reliable performance.
The observed energy spectrum of cosmic ray muons showed excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, accounting for the energy losses incurred as muons traverse the detector. Diurnal variations in muon count rates revealed a pronounced pattern, with a systematic reduction observed between 8:00 AM and 1:00 PM. This phenomenon is attributed to solar shielding effects, wherein enhanced solar activity during daytime hours modulates the flux of galactic cosmic rays reaching Earth’ s surface. To account for atmospheric influences, meteorological corrections were applied using temperature and pressure adjustment functions derived from regression analysis. These corrections revealed that atmospheric pressure and temperature are significant factors influencing muon count rates, with clear linear relationships observed.
The study further corroborated these findings through cross-comparisons with data from the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory. Minor discrepancies, primarily in low-energy muon count rates, were attributed to variations in detector sensitivities and local atmospheric conditions. These observations underscore the robustness of the plastic scintillator detector system for capturing detailed muon spectra and anisotropic patterns.
In conclusion, this research establishes a reliable experimental framework for analyzing cosmic ray muons and their modulation by solar and atmospheric phenomena. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of cosmic ray anisotropy and the interplay between astrophysical and geophysical processes. Furthermore, the findings provide valuable insights for optimizing detection technologies and enhancing the accuracy of cosmic ray studies.- Book : 74(5)
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ABSTRACTMicrogreens of Brassica plants have attracted increasing research interest in the management of the prevailing epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of their high nutritional value. This study evaluated the antidiabetic effects of Brassica carinata Microgreens Ethanolic Extract (BMEE) in type‐2 diabetic rats. For the normoglycemic assay, rats were divided into five groups and received a single oral dose of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of BMEE while the control groups received distilled water and Glibenclamide. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were determined on a weekly basis for 28 days in diabetic rats after treatment with BMEE at 250 and 500 mg/kg dosage levels. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin levels, lipid profile and messenger RNA expression levels of Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1), Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and Nuclear factor kappa light‐chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFKβ) genes were determined. BMEE did not induce hypoglycemic effects in rats with normal blood glucose levels, but induced antidiabetic activities in the experimental type‐2 diabetic rats. BMEE lowered FBG levels, increased oral glucose tolerance, increased insulin sensitization, and reduced insulin resistance. Treatment of diabetic rats with BMEE increased lipid metabolism and relatively higher expression levels of IRS‐1 and GLUT2 genes, and led to reduced expression levels of NFKβ in the liver. Overall, this study reports that BMEE has potential as a nutraceutical to be utilized in the management of T2DM.- Book : 13(1)
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Introduction: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) involves a long trajectory with high risk of complications. In person-centred care (PCC), patients’ needs, resources and the care relationship are central to the care process. Healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) ratings of PCC have not previously been investigated in this context. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate healthcare professionals’ ratings and views of person-centred care in allo-HCT care, and associations with individual characteristics and targeted PCC education. Design: Cross-sectional study, employing quantitative and qualitative methods. Methods: 85 HCPs at two Swedish allo-HCT centres participated (80% women; mean age: 44 years, range: 23-72 years). A survey was conducted using the PCC Assessment Tool (P-CAT), containing 13 items, a total scale (min 13-max 65) and two subscales (I: min 8-max 40; II: min 5-max 25). Additionally, HCPs’ written responses to four study-specific questions about PCC were collected. Results: The mean for P-CAT total scale was 45.31, (subscale I: 28.41; subscale II: 16.90). Higher ratings of PCC were reported for assessment of patients’ needs, discussion about how to provide PCC and patients’ care, while time to provide PCC, the care environment and how the organization prevents providing PCC were rated lower. Higher age and targeted PCC education were associated with higher PCC ratings. HCPs described PCC as the patient being seen as a capable individual with their own resources, with PCC increasing patient and family involvement—giving higher satisfaction and tailored care for patients. However, HCPs reported time as a barrier for PCC. Conclusion: HCPs’ ratings of PCC in this context are high regarding discussing and assessing patients’ needs, but there is room for improvement regarding organizational and environmental aspects. Targeted PCC education increases the level of PCC. HCPs’ views of PCC partly reflect the foundations of PCC—patient’s narrative, capability and involvement. - Book : 18()
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