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Study design Scoping review. Objective To identify which markers are used as surrogates for malnutrition in metastatic spine disease and which are the most studied outcomes associated with it. Methods A scoping review was performed by searching the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases up to July 2022. We searched for articles exploring markers of malnutrition in spine oncology patients including but not limited to albumin, body weight, weight loss, and nutrition indices. A narrative synthesis was performed. Results A total of 61 articles reporting on 31,385 patients met inclusion criteria. There were 13 different surrogate markers of nutrition, with the most common being albumin in 67% of studies (n = 41), body weight/BMI in 34% (n = 21), and muscle mass in 28% (n = 17). The most common studied outcomes were survival in 82% (n = 50), complications in 28% (n = 17), and length of stay in 10% (n = 6) of studies. Quality of life and functional outcomes were assessed in 2% (n = 1) and 3% (n = 2) of studies, respectively. Out of 61 studies, 18% (n = 11) found no association between the examined markers and outcome. Conclusion Assessment of nutritional status in patients with spinal metastases is fundamental. However, there is lack of a comprehensive and consistent way of assessing malnutrition in oncologic spine patients and therefore inconsistency in its relationship with outcomes. A consensus agreement on the assessment and definition of malnutrition in spine tumor patients is needed. - Book : 15(1_suppl)
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Bremsstrahlung, as an important radiation process in atomic physics, has significant applications in the fields of astrophysics, plasma physics, magnetic and inertial confinement fusion. In this work, the relativistic partial-wave expansion method is used to investigate the bremsstrahlung of neutral carbon atoms and different charged carbon ions scattered from intermediate- and high-energy relativistic electrons, with special attention paid to the electronic screening effect produced by the target electrons. The target wave function is obtained from the Dirac-Hartree-Fock self-consistent calculations, and the electron-atom scattering interaction potential is constructed in the central-field approximation. By solving the partial-wave Dirac equation, the continuum wave functions of the relativistic electron are obtained, from which the bremsstrahlung single and double differential cross sections can be calculated via the multipole free-free transitions between the incident and exit free electrons. The target electronic screening effects on the bremsstrahlung single and double differential cross sections are analyzed under a variety of conditions of incident electron energy and emitted photon energy. It is shown that the target electronic screening effect will significantly suppress the cross sections both at low incident energy and in the soft-photon region. Such a suppressing effect decreases with the incident electron energy and the emitted photon energy gradually increasing. Overall, the electronic screening effect has no significant influence on the shape function of bremsstrahlung.- Book : 74(3)
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