Background: Primary intrathoracic synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare entity. The objective of this study was to evaluate survival outcomes for patients with intrathoracic SS presenting with localized disease at diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 63 patients diagnosed with intrathoracic SS between 1997 and 2020. The Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test were used to estimate the progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). The hazard ratios were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression. Median follow-up time, age-at-diagnosis, and primary tumor size were 31 months (range: 4–218 months), 43 years (range: 18–77), and 7 cm (range: 1–23), respectively. Results: Sixty-two of sixty-three (98%) patients had their primary tumor resected, from whom eighteen (29%) and forty-three (69%) had received neo/adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. Median PFS, OS, and MFS were 1.2, 3.0, and 1.1 years, respectively. Based on multivariable analyses, patients with ≥5 cm tumor size had poorer OS (versus < 5 cm; HR: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.16, 6.11; LR-p = 0.014). Importantly, the receipt of neo/adjuvant chemotherapy was the only factor associated with both a more favorable PFS (HR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.65; LR-p = 0.0002) and a more favorable MFS (median 1.33 years versus no chemo 0.5 years; HR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.73; LR-p = 0.005). Conclusions: Outcomes associated with intrathoracic SS remain poor. Factors associated with poorer outcomes include larger tumors and omission of chemotherapy in the management of localized disease. We recommend providing perioperative chemotherapy to all patients with ≥5 cm tumor size to improve progression and metastasis-free survival.

• Book : 17(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.745-745
• Keyword :

본 연구에서는 소나무 새싹 추출물(PBE)이 대식세포 활성화에 미치는 영향과 관련 메커니즘을 조사하였다. PBE는 RAW 264.7 대식세포로부터 NO를 비롯하여 다양한 cytokines (TNF-α 및 IL-6)과 chemokines (MIP-2 및 MCP-1)을 유도하였다. 대식세포로부터 cytokines와 chemokines를 유도하는 PBE의 활성은 mRNA 발현에서도 확인되었다. 또한 PBE는 대식세포의 활성화 조절하는 주요 신호전달 체계인 MAPK (ERK, JNK 및 p38)와 IκB의 인산화를 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 PBE가 MAPK 및 NF-κB 경로를 통해 대식세포를 활성화하여 면역조절과 관련된 cytokines 및 chemokines의 분비를 유도한다는 것을 의미한다. TLR2 또는 TLR4 녹아웃 마우스의 골수 유래 대식세포(BMDM)에 PBE를 처리하는 실험에서, PBE의 cytokines 활성은 주로 TLR4 경로를 통해 매개되고, 또한 TLR2 경로도 부분적으로 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 대식세포의 기능과 관련하여 PBE는 세포 표면에서 MHC-I 및 MHC-II 분자의 발현을 크게 상향 조절하였으며, 세포 내 활성 산소종(ROS)의 생성을 유도하였다. 또한 PBE는 대식세포의 식세포(phagocytosis) 기능도 높이는 것으로 확인되었다. 암전이 억제실험에 있어서, PBE를 경구 투여할 경우, B16-BL6 흑색종에 의해 생성되는 폐 전이를 유의하게 억제하고, 또한 종양의 증식과 종양에 의해 형성되는 혈관신생을 유의하게 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 PBE가 대식세포를 활성화하는 면역증강 작용을 가지며, 또한 암의 전이와 증식을 억제하는 항암활성도 보유한다는 것을 시사한다.

• Book : 35(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.144-154
• Keyword :

Nuclear fusion is a promising energy source. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor aims to study the feasibility of tokamak-type reactors and test technologies and materials for commercial use. One major challenge is developing materials for the reactor’s divertor, which supports high thermal flux. Tungsten was chosen as the plasma-facing material, while a CuCrZr alloy will be used in the cooling pipes. However, the gradient between the working temperatures of these materials requires the use of a thermal barrier interlayer between them. To this end, refractory high-entropy (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and sintering, and their thermal and irradiation resistance was evaluated. Both alloys showed phase growth after annealing at 1100 °C for 8 days, being more pronounced for higher temperatures (1300 °C and 1500 °C). The VFeTiTaW alloy presented greater phase growth, suggesting lower microstructural stability, however, no new phases were formed. Both (as-sintered) alloys were irradiated with Ar+ (150 keV) with a fluence of 2.4 × 1020 at/m2, as well as He+ (10 keV) and D+ (5 keV) both with a fluence of 5 × 1021 at/m2. The morphology of the surface of both samples was analyzed before and after irradiation showing no severe morphologic changes, indicating high irradiation resistance. Additionally, the VFeTiTaW alloy presented a lower deuterium retention (8.58%) when compared to (CrFeTiTa)70W30 alloy (14.41%).

• Book : 18(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1030-1030
• Keyword :

• Book : 1075()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.170357-170357
• Keyword :

SummaryType 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of most insulin-producing β-cells, along with dysregulated glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells. We conducted an integrated analysis that combines electrophysiological and transcriptomic profiling, along with machine learning, of islet cells from T1D donors to investigate the mechanisms underlying their dysfunction. Surviving β-cells exhibit altered electrophysiological properties and transcriptomic signatures indicative of increased antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and impaired protein translation. In α-cells, we observed hyper-responsiveness and increased exocytosis, which are associated with upregulated immune signaling, disrupted transcription factor localization and lysosome homeostasis, as well as dysregulation of mTORC1 complex signaling. Notably, key genetic risk signals for T1D were enriched in transcripts related to α-cell dysfunction, including MHC class I which were closely linked with α-cell dysfunction. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular underpinnings of islet cell dysfunction in T1D, highlighting pathways that may be leveraged to preserve residual β-cell function and modulate α-cell activity. These findings underscore the complex interplay between immune signaling, metabolic stress, and cellular identity in shaping islet cell phenotypes in T1D.HighlightsSurviving β-cells in T1D show disrupted electrical function linked to metabolic reprogramming and immune stress.Transcripts associated with α-cell dysfunction are enriched in genetic risk alleles for T1D.Upregulated MHC class I and impaired nuclear localization of key transcription factors associate with α-cell dysfunction in T1D.T1D α-cells exhibit increased hyper-activity, lysosomal imbalance and impaired mTORC1 signaling, which promotes dysregulated glucagon secretion.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Abstract The entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation contains contributions from a region inside the black hole, which is called islands, implying that the Hawking radiation contains the information of islands. The boundary of the island is given by the quantum extremal surface, whose position is determined so that the entanglement entropy is extremized. In many cases of stationary black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and a few cases of evaporating black holes in the Unruh vacuum, it was already confirmed that the quantum extremal surface is located outside the horizon for black holes in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum and is inside the horizon for black holes in the Unruh vacuum. In this paper, we calculate islands in general black holes and show that the island extends to the outside of the horizon in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum but is hidden inside the horizon in the Unruh vacuum independent of details of the black hole.

• Book : 2025(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

AbstractGroundwater–lake water exchange in flow‐through lakes which includes both groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the aquifer, is crucial for sustaining lake wetland ecosystems; however, these two processes are rarely addressed simultaneously by tracer methods. In this study, radon (222Rn) is used as a tracer to estimate both groundwater inflow and outflow in flow‐through lakes in the Poyang Lake area, using a combination of a 222Rn mass‐balance model and a 222Rn production‐decay model. The results reveal that the 222Rn flux from lake water seepage into the aquifer cannot be neglected in the 222Rn mass‐balance model for flow‐through lakes. The velocity of groundwater discharging into the flow‐through lake was determined to be 23 ± 13 cm/d based on the 222Rn mass‐balance model, while the velocity of the lake water seepage into the ground was estimated to be 22 ± 14 cm/d using the 222Rn production‐decay model. A valid point dilution test was used to estimate the groundwater Darcy velocity near the flow‐through lake as 24 cm/d, which closely matches to the results obtained using the 222Rn method. The results from 222Rn production‐decay model enhance the accuracy of groundwater discharge estimation derived from the 222Rn mass‐balance model. This study demonstrates both processes of groundwater–lake water exchange (groundwater discharge into the lake and lake water seepage into the ground) in a flow‐through lake can be estimated using only 222Rn (dual 222Rn models: mass‐balance model and production‐decay model).

• Book : 61(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Electrodermal activity (EDA) reflects the variation in the electrical conductance of the skin in response to sweat secretion, constituting a non-invasive measure of the sympathetic nervous system. This system intervenes in reactions to stress and is strongly activated in emotional states. In most cases, EDA signals are collected from the hand (fingers or palms), which is not an ideal location for a sensor when the participant has to use their hands during tasks or activities. This study aims to explore alternative locations for retrieving EDA signals (e.g., the chest, back, and forehead). EDA signals from 25 healthy participants were collected using a protocol involving different physical stimuli that have been reported to induce an electrodermal response. The features extracted included the Skin Conductance Response (SCR) height, SCR amplitude, and peak prominence. An analysis of these features and the analysis of the correlation between the standard position with the different locations suggested that the chest, while a possible alternative for EDA signal collection, presents some weak results, and further evaluation of this site is needed. Additionally, the forehead should be excluded as an alternative site, at least in short-term measurements.

• Book : 25(6)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1762-1762
• Keyword :

Once, discreet circuit elements, called components, were heaped up on boards inside steel cages using wire-lead technology in just five short years. Fast forward to today, and your computer CPU fits about half an inch square on a chip. Both this constant miniaturization of electronic circuits and the rapid growth in the prevalence of third-party intellectual property parts have made hardware protection more worrisome than ever.Among all these issues, Hardware Trojans (HTs)—which represent corrupted or harmful additions during various design and fabrication stages—pose significant threats to system integrity, privacy of data, and essential infrastructure. Recent studies have investigated machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques designed to enable Hardware Trojans to be found, located, and eliminated in all stages from the register transfer level (RTL) and beyond.This survey gives an in-depth look at how AI can enhance RTL security. It classifies these AI-based techniques into four main categories:Graph-Based Techniques:GNNs, for instance, can be used to estimate the topology of circuits, extract structural characteristics, and thus find where some corruption has occurred.The SALTY framework applies Jumping-Knowledge GNNs to improve the accuracy location for hardware Trojans.Deep Learning in Side-Channel and Power-Analysis Techniques:Deep learning methods—such as Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models—have been developed to detect abnormalities brought about by Trojans in power consumption or electromagnetic (EM) radiation, granting non-invasive practices clear security benefits.Studies show that these techniques are superior to the traditional golden-model side-channel detection techniques.Machine Learning Analysis of RTL Code:In conjunction with AI, research teams are now building nearest-neighbor classifiers and decision trees and using reinforcement learning (RL) to recognize occurrences of Trojans inside RTL code.Some research uses Verilog/VHDL conditional statements as features for ML, making it possible for early warning signals to be effectively detected and introducing a proactive security mechanism during the design phase.Comprehensive Security Measures and Logic Locking:A step-by-step methodology has evolved for prevention measures such as logic locking and layout hardening, which aims against a splendid prospect within reach.The TroLLoc framework uses logic obfuscation combined with security-aware placement and routing, thus mitigating security exposures post-design.However, comprehensive studies point out several outstanding problems: key recovery attacks and unintended data leakage related to security in logic locking.In this way, the paper evaluates various AI-driven security strategies in an organized, facilitative manner, thereby highlighting significant challenges and proposing future research directions.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :