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2025
Within multicellular living systems, cells coordinate their positions with spatiotemporal accuracy to form various tissue structures and control development. These arrangements can be regulated by tissue geometry, biochemical cues, as well as mechanical perturbations. However, how cells pack during dynamic three-dimensional multicellular architectures formation remains unclear. Here, examining a growing spherical multicellular system, human lung alveolospheres, we observe an emergence of hexagonal packing order and a structural transition of cells that comprise the spherical epithelium. Surprisingly, the cell packing behavior on the spherical surface of lung alveolospheres resembles hard-disks packing on spheres, where the less deformable cell nuclei act as effective “hard disks” and prevent cells from getting too close. Nucleus-to-cell size ratio increases during lung spheroids growth; as a result, we find more hexagon-concentrated cellular packing with increasing bond orientational order. Furthermore, by osmotically changing the compactness of cells on alveolospheres, we observe a more ordered packing when nucleus-to-cell size ratio increases, and vice versa. These more ordered cell packing characteristics are consistent with reduced cell dynamics, together suggesting that better cellular packing stabilizes local cell neighborhoods and may regulate more complex biological functions such as cellular maturation and tissue morphogenesis.
Published by the American Physical Society
2025
- Book : 15(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
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2025
In this study, the results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations of neutron-irradiated (2.5 dpa at 150 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C) CuCrZrV and ODS(Y2O3)-Cu alloys are presented. These materials were developed for application as heat sink materials in fusion technology. This study includes TEM imaging and quantitative analysis of neutron radiation-induced defects such as dislocation loops and voids as well as the determination of the conditions for their formation. It was found that dislocation loops of a0½⟨110⟩ type form in both alloys at all irradiation temperatures. The formation of voids in CuCrZrV alloy is effectively suppressed. The neutron irradiation causes a redistribution of Cr, Zr, and V in the CuCrZrV alloy. A particular focus was on the investigation of the distribution of the transmutation products Ni and Zn. Ni tends to segregate at the Cr-rich clusters and forms a shell around them, while Zn is evenly distributed.- Book : 18(7)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1401-1401
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2025
Information on the prevalence of the most popular breeds within one society
can provide insights into its sociological, economic, and anthropological
aspects, while also aiding in the organization of more effective veterinary
services and improving animal welfare. This research aimed to determine
whether there has been a change in dog breed ownership between the Serbian
capital city, Belgrade (BG), and non-Belgrade (non-BG) regions over the last
15 years, for three five-year periods: 2008-2012, 2013- 2017, and 2018-2022.
Data on breed prevalence were collected from the official Vetup database of
the Republic of Serbia. Mixed-breed dogs were the most prevalent in both BG
and non-BG regions across all three periods, though their percentage has
declined in the most recent period relative to purebred dogs. In the first
period, large working/ guardian breeds dominated in all regions. German
Shepherds consistently ranked as the most prevalent purebred dogs across all
periods and regions. In contrast, Maltese dogs emerged as the most prevalent
breed in Belgrade during the two most recent periods. In 2013-2017, other
small breeds began to emerge, and in the third period, they dominated the BG
region, while larger breeds remained more common in non- BG regions. These
changes may reflect lifestyle changes and urban preferences for smaller
breeds better suited to apartment living. These trends reflect dog ownership
preferences, shaped by lifestyle changes and socio-economic factors in urban
and rural areas, while also aligning with global patterns but probably
retaining unique traits of local patterns.- Book : (00)
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2025
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2025
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2025
Abstract. In the past decade, the scientific community has seen an increase in the number of global hydrometeorological products. This has been possible with efforts to push continental and global land surface modelling to hyper-resolution applications. As the resolution of these datasets increase, so does the need to compare their estimates against local in-situ measurements. This is particularly important for Brazil, whose large continental scale domain results in a wide range of climates and biomes. In this study, high-resolution (0.1 to 0.25 degrees) global and regional meteorological datasets are compared against flux tower observations at 11 sites across Brazil (for periods between 1999–2010), covering Brazil’s main land cover types (tropical rainforest, woodland savanna, various croplands, and tropical dry forests). The purpose of the study is to assess the quality of four global reanalysis products [ERA5-Land, GLDAS2.0, GLDAS2.1, and MSWEPv2.2] and one regional gridded dataset developed from local interpolation of meteorological variables across the country [Brazilian National Meteorological Database (referred here as BNMD)]. The surface meteorological variables we considered were precipitation, air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, downward shortwave and longwave radiation, and specific humidity. Data products were evaluated for their ability to reproduce the daily and monthly meteorological observations at flux towers. A ranking system for data products was developed based on the mean squared error (MSE). To identify the possible causes for these errors, further analysis was undertaken to determine the contributions of correlation, bias, and variation to the MSE. Results show that, for precipitation, MSWEP outperforms the other datasets at daily scales but at a monthly scale BNMD performs best. For all other variables, ERA5-Land achieved the best ranking (smallest) errors at the daily scale and averaged the best rank for all variables at the monthly scale. GLDAS2.0 performed least well at both temporal scales, however the newer version (GLDAS2.1) was an improvement of its older version for almost every variable. BNMD wind speed and GLDAS2.0 shortwave radiation outperformed the other datasets at a monthly scale. The largest contribution to the MSE at the daily scale for all datasets and variables was the correlation contribution whilst at the monthly scale it was the bias contribution. ERA5-Land is recommended when using multiple hydro-meteorological variables to force land-surface models within Brazil.
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2025
Fibrosis is a pathological process with few therapeutic options. Experimental molecules are being developed to counteract the fibrotic effects through TGFβ receptor inhibition. Additionally, phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors also have anti-fibrotic effects; however, the mechanism of action remains unresolved. IPW5371 is an example of an experimental TGFβ-mediated anti-fibrotic compound, and tadalafil is an example of a PDE5 inhibitor. Irradiation increases the frequency of fibrotic lesions, driven by the activation of the TGFβ pathway. We hypothesized that the TGFβ receptor and PDE5 inhibitor agents would be additive in their ability to prevent fibrosis development in tissues in a sub-lethal whole-body irradiation mouse model. However, the combined use of anti-fibrotic agents, tadalafil and IPW5371, caused increased male mouse mortality associated with ascending and thoracic aortic rupture compared to mice that only received one of the drugs. Following histopathological analysis of the mouse hearts, we also observed that irradiation protected against lesions caused by the combination therapy as non-irradiated male mice had significantly worse outcomes as compared to irradiated male mice, substantiating the drug–drug interaction independent of the radiation effects. This important drug interaction needs further investigation as these agents are developed for anti-fibrosis therapy, and PDE5 inhibitors are commonly prescribed to male patients.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Abstract
The self-consistent nonlinear interaction of drift wave (DW) and zonal flow (ZF) is investigated
using nonlinear gyrokinetic theory, with both spontaneous excitation and beat-driven of ZF by DW
treated on the same footing. DW solitons are formed in the nonlinear DW-ZF interactions and are
confined between radially spaced micro-barriers induced by spontaneously excited ZF. The resulting
radial structures in the nonlinear DW-ZF interactions exhibit similar pattern to the E×B“staircase”
observed in numerical simulations. These micro-barriers are generated by the repulsive response due
to spontaneously excited ZF, which, as a general property demonstrated in this work, also generate
an attractive nonlinear potential in DW equation. Meanwhile, the nonlinear potential due to beat-
driven ZF is always attractive and, as such, always serve as potential well to contribute to soliton
formation. For spontaneously excited ZF from initial noise, the simultaneous excitation of solitons
and micro-barriers is found to be universal, due to the zero frequency nature of ZF and spatial
structure of the Reynolds stress. The present analysis, thus, provides a potential first-principle-
based interpretation of the E×Bstaircase observed in simulations, which may contribute to micro
transport barriers formation and enhance plasma confinement.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractSMC5/6 is unique amongst the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes in its ability to repress transcription from extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA), including viral genomes and plasmids. Previously, we showed that human SMC5/6 is regulated by two mutually exclusive subcomplexes—SIMC1-SLF2 and SLF1/2—the counterparts of yeast Nse5/6 (Oravcová, eLife, 2022). Notably, only SIMC1-SLF2 recruits SMC5/6 to SV40 Large T antigen (LT) foci in PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs), suggesting that these regulatory subcomplexes direct distinct roles of SMC5/6 on chromosomal versus ecDNA. However, their roles in plasmid repression remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SMC5/6-mediated repression of plasmid transcription depends exclusively on SIMC1-SLF2, whereas SLF1/2 is dispensable. Reinforcing its specialized role in ecDNA suppression, SIMC1-SLF2 does not participate in SMC5/6 recruitment to chromosomal DNA lesions. We further show that plasmid silencing requires a conserved interaction between SIMC1-SLF2 and SMC6, mirroring the functional relationship observed between yeast Nse5/6 and Smc6. As for viral silencing, plasmid repression depends on the SUMO pathway; however, unlike viral silencing, it does not require PML NBs. Additionally, we find that LT interacts with SMC5/6 and increases plasmid transcription to levels observed in SIMC1-SLF2-deficient cells–echoing the antagonistic roles of HBx (HBV) and Vpr (HIV-1) in viral genome repression. These findings expand the paradigm of viral antagonism against SMC5/6-mediated silencing, positioning LT as a novel player in this evolutionary tug-of-war.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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