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2025
Staphylococcus aureus is the primary causative agent of osteomyelitis. Plain radiography is the initial diagnostic tool for distinguishing osteomyelitis from other bone conditions, and assists in assessing disease progression. These benefits include low radiation exposure, improved availability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. This was an in vivo study involving mice. The subjects were divided into the treatment and control groups and observed on days 3, 7, 14, and 28th of the experiment. The treatment group underwent mandibular drilling and Staphylococcus aureus induction. The control group underwent mandibular drilling only. Radiographic findings of mandibular bone defects include periosteal reactions, diaphyseal widening, osteolysis, bone deformation, and sequestral formation. The statistical tests consisted of the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests. There were significant differences in bone destruction levels in occlusal dementia between the treatment and control groups, which were found on the 3rd day of observation. The treatment group exhibited greater bone destruction (5.67 ± 3.62) compared to the control group (2.00 ± 2.49), with a z-value of -2.214 and a statistically significant p-value of 0.027. 14th showed higher bone destruction levels (5.83 ± 2.64) than the control group (4.33 ± 3.61), with a z-value of -2.660 and a highly significant p-value of 0.008. On the 28th day the trend persisted, as the treatment group displayed more bone destruction (5.50 ± 3.27) compared to the control group (3.33 ± 3.44), with a z-value of -2.034 and a significant p-value of 0.042. No significant differences in the lateral dimensions were found between the treatment and control groups. In each group, significant differences were found only in the treatment group; in the occlusal dimension, sequestrum formation (p = 0.006) was found, and in the lateral dimension, diaphyseal widening (p = 0.022), osteolysis (p = 0.017), and sequestrum formation criteria (p = 0.015) were observed. The z-value measures the magnitude and direction of the difference, whereas the p-value assists in determining if this difference is statistically significant. Subjects induced with Staphylococcus aureus showed severe bone destruction compared to those without Staphylococcus aureus induction.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
This review explores the benefits of irradiation in improving the quality and safety of different meat types. The process involves exposing meat in a shielded room using one source of radiation that can be gamma radiation, electron beam or X-radiation for a specified period of time. Through the use of this technology, parasites, viruses, insects and bacteria can be effectively reduced, which in turn increases the lifespan and quality of meat products. According to products to be irradiated and the bacteria to be eradicated, the radiation dose could be high, low or medium. Irradiating meat at an appropriate dose does not affect its sensory qualities such as taste, texture and color. The impact of irradiation on nutritional and chemical aspects of different types of meat is complex, since free radicals can cause lipid oxidation and alter vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids. Furthermore, irradiation can also affect physical properties of meat, such as texture and tenderness. This review also summarizes the available information on the impact of irradiation on the extension of meat shelf life.- Book : 9(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.314-322
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2025
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- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Abstract
Downward surface solar radiation (DSSR) is critical for the Earth system. It is well-known that DSSR over land fluctuated on decadal timescales in the past. By utilizing a combination of station observations and the latest CMIP6 simulations, here we show that DSSR has a global consistent decline during 1959–2014, with comparable contributions from greenhouse gases (GHG) and anthropogenic aerosols. The role of GHGs is even more important in the satellite period. The contribution from GHGs comes through rising temperature, which reduces the DSSR by increased water vapor but is partly offset by reduced cloud. Future changes of DSSR are heavily dependent on climate change scenarios, which can be predicted well by global mean temperature (GMST) and aerosol concentrations. The sharp aerosol reduction and weak temperature rise in the SSP245/SSP126 scenarios will limit or stop the long-term decline of DSSR with a brighter future.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Old city courtyards are crucial elements of Beijing’s ancient capital. However, existing ones face heating problems. This study focuses on renovated and original-style courtyards. By employing ENVI-met and DeST software, we comprehensively analyzed the courtyard’s thermal environment, ventilation, indoor conditions, and energy consumption. Findings reveal that both types have thermal discomfort. Original courtyards are colder in winter and hotter in summer due to wind and radiation. They possess better ventilation but a higher winter heating load. Both require winter heating, with the original ones having a larger unit area load because of envelope heat loss and ventilation differences. Their direct electric heating consumptions, 187.6 kWh/m2 and 229.6 kWh/m2, respectively, surpass ordinary residences. This study defines issues for future green and low-carbon courtyard work.- Book : 18(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.626-626
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2025
Background: The ability of radiotherapy (RT) to drive anti-tumor immunity is limited by adaptive resistance. While RT induces inflammation and recruits activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the resulting radiation- and IFNγ-dependent PD-L1 expression restores an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment. Unleashing an effective anti-tumor response may require the precise sequencing of RT and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) to block PD-L1 signaling before it can mediate its suppressive effects. Methods: Flank tumors formed in BALB/c mice with syngeneic CT26 colon or 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were treated with otherwise ineffective doses of ionizing radiation (10 Gy) followed by CBI (0.2 mg anti-PD-L1, i.v.) after 0, 1, 3, 5, or 7 days, comparing tumor response. Anti-PD-L1 delivery was measured by fluorescence, TILs by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry, and tumor size by calipers. Results: In both CT26 and 4T1 tumors, 10 Gy alone resulted in a transient growth delay associated with infiltrating CTLs peaking at 3 days and PD-L1 at 5 days. CTLs returned to baseline after 7 days, consistent with adaptive resistance. Anti-PD-L1 failed to potentiate radiation except when injected 5 days after 10 Gy, which prevented CTL depletion and led to tumor elimination. Potentially contributing to compound effects, anti-PD-L1 penetrated tumors and bound PD-L1 more efficiently after irradiation. Conclusions: Optimal timing to exploit radiation-induced permeability to enhance CBI delivery and interrupt adaptive resistance by blocking PD-L1 as it peaks may offer a general strategy to enhance external beam radiotherapy by protecting activated TILs and potentiating anti-tumor immune response.- Book : 17(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.391-391
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2025
AbstractDespite decades of research, the primary proviral function of the HIV-1 Vpr accessory protein remains enigmatic. Vpr is essential for pathogenesisin vivoand for virus replication in myeloid cells, but the underlying cause-and-effect mechanism(s) driving these phenomena are poorly understood. Canonically, Vpr hijacks a cellular ubiquitin ligase complex to target several dozen host proteins for proteasomal degradation. Many of these substrates were recently revealed to be involved in DNA damage repair (DDR), which rationalizes the longstanding observation that Vpr induces constitutive activation of DDR signaling. Here, we use a combination of functional, biochemical, and genetic approaches establish a clear mechanistic link between Vpr-induced DDR signaling and remodeling of the epigenetic landscape to enhance HIV-1 promoter activity during acute infection and virus reactivation from latency. Functional, genetic, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments reveal that Vpr utilizes degradation-dependent and -independent mechanisms to induce epigenetic remodeling and that Vpr segregates into two discrete pools with dedicated activities—A multimeric pool in the nucleus that is associated with chromatin and a monomeric pool associated with DCAF1 in the cytoplasm. Vpr function in remodeling the nuclear environment is present in common HIV-1 subtypes worldwide and provides a mechanistic rationale for its essentiality in virus replication.Author summaryWhile HIV-1 Vpr plays an essential role in virus replication, the molecular mechanisms underlying its essentiality remain enigmatic. Vpr’s best characterized function is the ability to induce the depletion of several dozen host proteins by hijacking a cellular E3-ubiquitin ligase complex. Here, we establish that Vpr promotes global epigenetic remodeling to enhance HIV-1 promoter activity during acute infection and virus reactivation from latency.We demonstrate that epigenetic remodeling activity is linked to Vpr’s ability to induce constitutive DNA damage repair signaling, and that it occurs through both degradation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Moreover, this Vpr function is present in common HIV-1 subtypes circulating globally. This study provides novel mechanistic insights into how HIV-1 exploits host DNA repair pathways and sheds light on Vpr’s proviral function.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Cholesterol, the essential building block of cellular membranes, has proven to be a useful tool for increasing the biocompatibility and bioavailability of drug delivery systems in cancer treatment. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound with promising anticancer properties, faces significant limitations due to its low solubility and bioavailability, hindering its clinical utility. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to design cholesterol-functionalized cyclodextrin nanosponges (Chol-NSs) with a tunable cholesterol content to optimize resveratrol encapsulation and delivery. Both formulations, free carbonyl diimidazole (CDI) NSs and functionalized Chol-NSs, demonstrated high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro experiments revealed that cholesterol incorporation significantly improved the cellular uptake of nanocarriers and potentiated the cytotoxic effects of resveratrol on breast cancer cells. Importantly, both free CDI NSs and functionalized Chol-NSs, even at varying cholesterol percentages, demonstrated a safe profile against both fibroblast and breast cancer cell lines. These results indicate that cholesterol-functionalized nanosponges represent a promising platform for the effective and safe delivery of natural compounds in cancer therapy.- Book : 26(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1213-1213
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