ABSTRACTThis paper presents a 4 4 millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) phased array antenna operating in the Ka‐band (27–34 GHz) fabricated using low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The proposed array employs several innovative design features to achieve superior performance. An oversized aperture, combined with a parasitic patch and an embedded air cavity, significantly enhances the gain and bandwidth. Additionally, an asymmetric stripline feed structure minimises back radiation and facilitates multi‐layer integration, enabling seamless compatibility with beamforming systems. The antenna demonstrates a measured impedance bandwidth of 27% and a realised gain of 17.5 dBi at 29 GHz, with a scanning angle of . These results establish the design as a compact, high‐efficiency, and broadband solution for mm‐wave phased array applications in 5G and beyond. Experimental validation using a 16‐channel beamformer module further highlights the practicality of the design for real‐world deployment.

• Book : 19(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Abstract Purpose To compare cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) at equivalent radiation doses, focusing on qualitative and quantitative parameters relevant to dental implant surgery. Methods This ex vivo comparative study of porcine specimens assessed five imaging protocols with both CBCT and PCD-CT at three effective radiation dose levels (high: 360µSv, standard: 145µSv, low: 20µSv) to evaluate image quality, artifact burden, metal artifact susceptibility, and quantitative bone measurements in the mandibular region. Three blinded readers analyzed the data using a 5-point Likert scale (5 = highest to 1 = lowest rating) and performed linear bone measurements at implant planning sites. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and inter-reader reliability assessment using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results Each reader evaluated 30 data sets (12 CBCT, 18 PCD-CT), with 24 implant planning sites per imaging protocol. High-dose PCD-CT demonstrated the best image quality and diagnostic interpretability (4.89 ± 0.27), followed by standard-dose PCD-CT and CBCT (4.50 ± 0.73; 4.33 ± 0.61), with low-dose protocols showing intermediate quality with higher artifact burden. In comparison to CBCT, PCD-CT demonstrated superior performance in reducing implant-induced artifacts across all protocols. Quantitative bone measurements showed minimal variability, meeting clinical precision requirements for computer-assisted implant surgery. Both qualitative (ICCs:0.70–0.89; p < 0.001) and quantitative (ICCs:0.79–1; p < 0.001) analyses demonstrated high reliability, regardless of the reader’s experience. Conclusions PCD-CT demonstrated superior image quality and reduced artifacts compared with CBCT at all radiation dose levels. These findings highlight PCD-CT’s potential to enhance implant planning and improve clinical outcomes with reduced radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.

• Book : 11(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Using 20.3  fb−1 of e+e− collision data collected at the center-of-mass energy 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we report the first observation of the semileptonic decay D+→η′μ+νμ with significance of 8.6σ including systematic uncertainties, and an improved measurement of D+→η′e+νe. The branching fractions of D+→η′μ+νμ and D+→η′e+νe are determined to be (1.92±0.28stat±0.08syst)×10−4 and (1.79±0.19stat±0.07syst)×10−4, respectively. The ratio of the two branching fractions is determined to be Rμ/e=1.07±0.19stat±0.03syst, which agrees with the theoretical expectation of lepton flavor universality within the standard model. From an analysis of the D+→η′ℓ+νℓ decay dynamics, the product of the hadronic form factor f+η′(0) and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |Vcd| is measured for the first time, giving f+η′(0)|Vcd|=(5.92±0.56stat±0.13syst)×10−2. The η−η′ mixing angle in the quark flavor basis is determined to be ϕP=(39.8±0.8stat±0.3syst)°. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

• Book : 134(11)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Background: Glutathione (GSH) is an essential antioxidant that protects against oxidative stress, but its oral bioavailability is below 1% due to enzymatic degradation and poor gastrointestinal absorption. Improving the oral bioavailability of GSH could significantly enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Methods: This study synthesised GSH analogues with chemical modifications to improve bioavailability. Seven GSH derivatives were designed: three analogues with altered stereochemistry (1.62, 1.63, and 1.64) and three N-methylated derivatives (1.65, 1.70, and 1.71), alongside a native GSH (1.61). The analogues were synthesised via Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis, and they were characterised using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Their toxicity was assessed on Caco-2 cells for viability, and their antioxidant activity was assessed on UVA-irradiated fibroblast cells, enzymatic resistance, and interactions with GSH-metabolising enzymes. Results: Among the tested analogues, the N-methylated cysteine Compound (1.70) emerged as the most promising candidate. Compound 1.70 demonstrated superior resistance to enzymatic degradation, as well as showing enhanced cell viability and improved antioxidant activity. In vivo studies revealed a 16.8-fold increase in plasma half-life (t½) and a 16.1-fold increase in oral bioavailability compared to native GSH. Conclusions: Chemical modification strategies, particularly the N-methylation of GSH, present a viable approach to enhancing oral bioavailability. Compound 1.70 showed significant potential for therapeutic applications, warranting further investigation and development in clinical settings.

• Book : 17(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.385-385
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The mechano-responsiveness of osteocytes is critical for maintaining bone health and associated with a reduced oxidative stress defense, yet the precise molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we address the gap by investigating the epigenetic reprogramming that drives osteocyte responses to mechanical loading. We found overall remodeling of antioxidant response under mechanical loading and identified NRF2, a key transcription factor in oxidative stress response, which plays a vital role in the epigenetic remodeling of osteocytes. The results showed that mechanical loading enhanced NRF2 protein stability, promoted its nuclear translocation, and activated osteocyte-specific transcriptional programs. In contrast, pharmacological stabilization of NRF2 failed to fully replicate these effects, underscoring the unique role of mechanical stimuli in modulating NRF2 activity and antioxidant function. Our findings highlight the potential therapeutic limitations of NRF2-stabilizing drugs and suggest that combining pharmacological approaches with mechanical interventions could offer more effective treatments to maintain oxidative homeostasis.

• Book : 14(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.346-346
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Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell-derived malignancy and one of the most frequent types of lymphoma. The tumour cells typically exhibit multiple genomic alterations together with aberrantly activated signalling pathways, driven by paracrine and/or autocrine modes. SPP1 (alias osteopontin) is a cytokine acting as a signalling activator and has been connected with relapse in HL patients. To understand its pathogenic role, here, we investigated the mechanisms and function of deregulated SPP1 in HL. Methods: We screened public patient datasets and cell lines for aberrant SPP1 expression. HL cell lines were stimulated with SPP1 and subjected to siRNA-mediated knockdown. Gene and protein activities were analyzed by RQ-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and immuno-cytology. Results: SPP1 expression was detected in 8.3% of classic HL patients and in HL cell line SUP-HD1, chosen to serve as an experimental model. The gene encoding SPP1 is located at chromosomal position 4q22 and is genomically amplified in SUP-HD1. Transcription factor binding site analysis revealed TALE and HOX factors as potential regulators. Consistent with this finding, we showed that aberrantly expressed PBX1 and HOXB9 mediate the transcriptional activation of SPP1. RNA-seq data and knockdown experiments indicated that SPP1 signals via integrin ITGB1 in SUP-HD1. Accordingly, SPP1 activated NFkB in addition to MAPK/ERK which in turn mediated the nuclear import of ETS2, activating oncogenic JUNB expression. Conclusions: SPP1 is aberrantly activated in HL cell line SUP-HD1 via genomic copy number gain and by homeodomain transcription factors PBX1 and HOXB9. SPP1-activated NFkB and MAPK merit further investigation as potential therapeutic targets in affected HL patients.

• Book : 13(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.735-735
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Abstract Radioresistance is a major challenge in tumor radiotherapy and involves in a mixture of cellular events, including ferroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death characterized by the excess accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. In the present study, we observed that surviving cancer tissues and cells after radiotherapy had significantly greater glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios and lower lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than nonirradiated tumors and cells. Untargeted lipidomic analyses revealed that oleic acid (OA) and palmitoleic acid (POA) were the most significantly upregulated unsaturated fatty acids in irradiated surviving cancer cells compared with those in control cancer cells irradiated with IR. Both OA and POA could protect cancer cells from the killing effects of the ferroptosis inducer erastin and RSL3, and OA had a stronger protective effect than POA, resulting in lower lipid ROS production than POA. Mechanistically, OA protected cells from ferroptosis caused by the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids in an ACSL3-dependent manner. A mouse model demonstrated that ACSL3 knockdown combined with imidazole ketone erastin synergistically enhanced antitumor effects in radiation-resistant tumors in vivo. Our study reveals previously undiscovered associations between radiation and fatty acid metabolism and ferroptosis, providing a novel treatment strategy for overcoming cancer radioresistance.

• Book : 16(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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The Artemis missions will establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon, serving as a crucial steppingstone for future Mars exploration. Astronauts on these ambitious missions will have to successfully complete complex tasks, which will frequently involve rapid and effective decision making under unfamiliar or high-pressure conditions. Exposure to low doses of space radiation (SR) can impair key executive functions critical to decision making. This study examined the effects of exposure to 10 cGy of Galactic Cosmic Ray simulated radiation (GCRsim) on decision-making performance in male and female rats with a naturally low predisposition for risk-taking (RTP) prior to exposure. Rats were assessed at monthly intervals following SR exposure and the RTP performance contrasted with that observed during the prescreening process. Exposure to 10 cGy of GCRsim impaired decision making in both male and female rats, with sex-dependent outcomes. By 30 days after SR exposure, female rats became more risk-prone, making less profitable decisions, while male rats retained their decision-making strategies but took significantly longer to make selections. However, continued practice in the RTP tasks appeared to reduce/reverse these performance deficits. This study has expanded our understanding of the range of cognitive processes impacted by SR to include decision making.

• Book : 15(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.449-449
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Green energy supply can be achieved by integrating intermittent renewable energy resources into the electrical distribution network. The intermittent nature of solar power generation presents significant technical challenges for integration that affect the network reliability and stability in relation to the grid power quality and voltage profile. Maximum utilization of photovoltaic in the electrical distribution network requires siting and sizing optimization. Distribution and transmission lines incur voltage drops and power losses due to their reactive and resistive properties. Application of evolutionary optimization techniques is adopted for optimal photovoltaic distributed generations placement in an electrical distribution network. Improved network voltage profile and system reliability was achieved by the application of particle swarm optimization algorithm to minimize the system’s power losses in a radial distribution network-IEEE 33-bus system. This was achieved through a MATLAB code implementation, with validation of the solution techniques and the developed model realized through a genetic algorithm case study. The active and reactive total loads linked to the network test system were 3.720 MW and 2.310 MVAr, accordingly. The conversion of solar power was modeled at a constant power factor with cut-off solar radiation ≥ 4.0 kWh/m2/day under normal operating conditions. As an initial configuration, active and reactive power losses were found as 211.02 kW and 143.04 kVAr without photovoltaic distributed generation at 0.85 pf, respectively. Integration of solar distributed generations at optimal location and capacity resulted in reduction of the network power losses by 57.98% reactive and 61.60% active. Improvement in voltage profile attained was 8.46%, while the ASAI network reliability index value before integrating solar source was 0.99734 p.u. but improved by 1.82% on installation. In conclusion, the system’s power losses reduced as acceptable voltage profile was maintained for sustained distribution network reliability.

• Book : 9(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.105-120
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