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Abstract
Downward surface solar radiation (DSSR) is critical for the Earth system. It is well-known that DSSR over land fluctuated on decadal timescales in the past. By utilizing a combination of station observations and the latest CMIP6 simulations, here we show that DSSR has a global consistent decline during 1959–2014, with comparable contributions from greenhouse gases (GHG) and anthropogenic aerosols. The role of GHGs is even more important in the satellite period. The contribution from GHGs comes through rising temperature, which reduces the DSSR by increased water vapor but is partly offset by reduced cloud. Future changes of DSSR are heavily dependent on climate change scenarios, which can be predicted well by global mean temperature (GMST) and aerosol concentrations. The sharp aerosol reduction and weak temperature rise in the SSP245/SSP126 scenarios will limit or stop the long-term decline of DSSR with a brighter future.- Book : ()
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2025
Old city courtyards are crucial elements of Beijing’s ancient capital. However, existing ones face heating problems. This study focuses on renovated and original-style courtyards. By employing ENVI-met and DeST software, we comprehensively analyzed the courtyard’s thermal environment, ventilation, indoor conditions, and energy consumption. Findings reveal that both types have thermal discomfort. Original courtyards are colder in winter and hotter in summer due to wind and radiation. They possess better ventilation but a higher winter heating load. Both require winter heating, with the original ones having a larger unit area load because of envelope heat loss and ventilation differences. Their direct electric heating consumptions, 187.6 kWh/m2 and 229.6 kWh/m2, respectively, surpass ordinary residences. This study defines issues for future green and low-carbon courtyard work.- Book : 18(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.626-626
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Background: The ability of radiotherapy (RT) to drive anti-tumor immunity is limited by adaptive resistance. While RT induces inflammation and recruits activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the resulting radiation- and IFNγ-dependent PD-L1 expression restores an immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment. Unleashing an effective anti-tumor response may require the precise sequencing of RT and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) to block PD-L1 signaling before it can mediate its suppressive effects. Methods: Flank tumors formed in BALB/c mice with syngeneic CT26 colon or 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were treated with otherwise ineffective doses of ionizing radiation (10 Gy) followed by CBI (0.2 mg anti-PD-L1, i.v.) after 0, 1, 3, 5, or 7 days, comparing tumor response. Anti-PD-L1 delivery was measured by fluorescence, TILs by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry, and tumor size by calipers. Results: In both CT26 and 4T1 tumors, 10 Gy alone resulted in a transient growth delay associated with infiltrating CTLs peaking at 3 days and PD-L1 at 5 days. CTLs returned to baseline after 7 days, consistent with adaptive resistance. Anti-PD-L1 failed to potentiate radiation except when injected 5 days after 10 Gy, which prevented CTL depletion and led to tumor elimination. Potentially contributing to compound effects, anti-PD-L1 penetrated tumors and bound PD-L1 more efficiently after irradiation. Conclusions: Optimal timing to exploit radiation-induced permeability to enhance CBI delivery and interrupt adaptive resistance by blocking PD-L1 as it peaks may offer a general strategy to enhance external beam radiotherapy by protecting activated TILs and potentiating anti-tumor immune response.- Book : 17(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.391-391
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The production of (anti)hypernuclei is among the most promising probes for studying the production mechanism of light nuclei in high-energy hadronic collisions. According to coalescence predictions, the production of 3ΛH, 4ΛH, and 4ΛHe is sensitive to their internal wave function. In contrast, the yields predicted with the Statistical Hadronitazion Models (SHM) are based on the mass of the (hyper)nuclei and the freeze-out temperature, with no explicit dependence on the nuclear structure. In these proceedings, the measurements of 3ΛH, 4ΛH, and 4ΛHe from pp to central Pb–Pb collisions are presented. The results are based on the data samples collected by ALICE during the LHC Run 2 and Run 3. For the 3ΛH, in addition, an innovative method to extract its properties based on the system size dependency of its production yield is also presented.- Book : 316()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.05001-05001
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