All 3,257,929 Page 38/325,793
-
2025
IntroductionThe formation of yield and quality in maize involves the accumulation of substances such as starch, proteins, and fats, which interact with water within the kernel. Although temporal dynamics of grain moisture and its functional and environmental determinants have been broadly demonstrated, we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of water phase within a kernel.MethodsWe investigated the relationship between tissue structural traits, including embryo volume (EMBV), endosperm volume (ENDV), vitreous endosperm volume (VEV), floury endosperm volume (FEV), and water content in different phases, such as bound water, semi-bound water, and free water, in maize kernels under different cultivars, nitrogen application rates, and soaking durations by combining low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and X-ray microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) for kernels.ResultsThe results demonstrate that bound water is the major phase (57-82%) in maize kernels, and this proportion decreases with prolonged soaking duration. The bound water content and semi-bound water content positively correlate to ENDV, VEV, and EMBV, whereas free water content correlates to ENDV, EMBV, and VEV in descending order of correlation coefficient. This indicates that water might penetrate the embryo through the pedicel and vitreous endosperm through the pericarp during soaking.DiscussionFinally, we suggested that the proportion of semi-bound water could be a robust indicator to predict moisture content in maize kernels. The study provides a preliminary understanding of the structural basis of water distribution in maize kernels, thereby opening up the potential for designing efficient production systems and breeding cultivars well-suited for mechanical harvesting.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
Abstract A rapid verticalization to accommodate the citizens of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo is altering the balance of radiation and atmospheric heat, highlighting the need to understand the impact that green and built infrastructure have on the canopy urban heat island phenomenon. This meteorological phenomenon occurs mainly due to the difference in landscape between urban and rural areas. Hypothetical scenarios with different green profiles were simulated using the WRF model coupled with SLUCM, and their results were compared to the current scenario using numerical data in order to observe the impact of green infrastructure. Comparison using output data showed that the total area of green infrastructure has great potential in reducing the intensity of the canopy urban heat island. The scenario with the largest total area and highest dispersion of green infrastructure recorded average urban temperatures 1.2 °C to 1.9 °C lower than the current scenario. Understanding the behavior of green infrastructure and its benefits is important for the development of municipal public policies that are in line with sustainable goals, and explicitly the relevance of urban parks and squares for local thermal regulation.- Book : 40()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
This communication aims to comprehensively elucidate the intricate mechanism governing the interaction between the excited triplet state of 4-Carboxybenzophenone (CB*) and the anionic form of 2-Naphthalene Sulfonate (NpSO3−), employing the 337 nm Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis technique for this investigation. When the CB is selectively excited by a 337 nm laser, two primary processes become possible: (i) energy transfer from 3CB* to NpSO3− and (ii) electron transfer from NpSO3− to 3CB*. The dynamics of these interactions are explored through experimental observations of transient absorption spectra and the analysis of respective kinetic traces. The primary process dominating in the 3(CB...NpSO3−)* system is identified as triplet energy transfer from excited 3CB* to 3(NpSO3−), as demonstrated by characteristic spectral features observed at 410–420 nm. Comparisons are made with a similar system studied by Yamaji and co-workers, 3(BP•−...NpO•)*, revealing differences in the priority of primary process occurrences. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between excited molecules and ground-state donors, aiding in the comprehension of mechanisms governing these reactions.- Book : 5(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.4-4
- Keyword :
-
2025
An earthquake record is the convolution of source radiation, path propagation and site effects, and instrument response. Isolating the source component requires solving an ill-posed inverse problem. Whether the instability of inferred source parameters arises from varying properties of the source, or from approximations we introduce in solving the problem, remains an open question. Such approximations often derive from limited knowledge of the forward problem. The Empirical Green’s function (EGF) approach offers a partial remedy by approximating the forward response of larger events using the records of small events. Indeed, the choice of the « best » small event drastically influences the properties estimated for the larger earthquake. Discriminating variability in source properties from epistemic uncertainties, stemming from the forward problem or other modeling assumptions, requires us to reliably account for, and propagate, any bias or trade-off introduced in the problem. We propose a Bayesian inversion framework that aims at providing reliable and probabilistic estimates of source parameters (here, for the source-time function or STF), and their posterior uncertainty, in the time domain. We jointly solve for the best EGF using one or a few small events as prior EGF. Our approach is based on DeepGEM, an unsupervised generalized expectation-maximization framework for blind inversion (Gao et al, 2021). We demonstrate, with toy models as well as an application to an earthquake swarm in California, the potential of DeepGEM-EGF to disentangle the variability of the seismic source from biases introduced by modeling assumptions.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
-
2025
ABSTRACTBackgroundSurgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in children. However, there is considerable variation in surgical management practices worldwide, highlighting the need for standardized Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG).MethodsThe CPG development involved assembling a multidisciplinary group, prioritizing 10 key topic areas, conducting evidence searches, and synthesizing findings. Recommendations were voted on using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) methodology.RecommendationsThe panel recommended regional lymph node evaluation for patients with paratesticular RMS who are more than 10 years old and extremity RMS. Other suggestions included pretreatment re‐excision for incompletely resected RMS, preoperative radiation therapy for unresectable tumors, maintaining a 0.5 cm resection margin, and tumor bed marking with surgical clips. The panel also suggests resection of residual metastatic disease following chemotherapy, resection of relapsed disease, and the least invasive approach for managing patients presenting with obstruction.ConclusionThis CPG provides evidence‐based surgical management recommendations for RMS that can be adapted to diverse resource settings.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page :
- Keyword :
