• Book : 178()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.105492
• Keyword :

• Book : 226()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.112342
• Keyword :

• Book : 226()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.112350
• Keyword :

Abstract

The safe and secure encapsulation or immobilization of nuclear waste, particularly low to intermediate‐level waste (accounting for ∼97% of the total volume of nuclear waste), has been a significant concern. Consequently, numerous studies have been conducted on various materials such as ordinary Portland cement‐based, bitumen, and ceramics for the purpose of waste encapsulation/immobilization. However, these studies generally offer a broad overview of materials performance without focusing on specific radioisotopes of concern. Cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) are important radioactive nuclides to consider for encapsulation, but the existing studies on immobilizing these elements are fragmented and lack a comprehensive understanding. This critical review article offers a thorough qualitative and quantitative analysis to uncover the primary trends/knowledge gaps within the field. It comprehensively delves into waste classifications/management and leaching assessments, followed by an exploration of the immobilization performance and durability issues of various traditional and advanced cementitious materials including low‐temperature chemically bonded ceramics such as alkali‐activated matrices and Mg‒K phosphates for the immobilization of Cs and Sr. Furthermore, the review article provides fresh insights and perspectives, including recommendations for improvements, novel technologies, and future trends in this domain.

• Book : 108(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e20131
• Keyword :

• Book : 227()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.112385
• Keyword :

• Book : 178()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.105528
• Keyword :

• Book : 211()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.110976
• Keyword :

• Book : 226()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.112355
• Keyword :

Abstract

The integration of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and linear accelerators into hybrid treatment systems has made MR-guided radiation therapy a clinical reality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the Electron Return Effect (ERE) on the dose distributions. This study was conducted using MRIdian (ViewRay, Cleveland, Ohio) system. Monte-Carlo simulations (MCs) and experimental measurements with EBT3 Gafchromic films were performed to investigate the dose distribution in a slab water phantom with and without a 2-cm air gap. Plus, MCs took into account different field sizes and a lung gap. A gamma analysis compared calculated versus measured dose distributions. The MCs have shown an increase of the ERE with the radiation field size both in Percent Depth Dose (PDD) and crossline direction. As concerns to the PDD direction, the smallest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 4.15 × 4.15 cm² both for air-gap (13.5%) and lung-gap (3.3%). The largest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 24.07 × 24.07 cm² both for air-gap (39.7%) and lung-gap (4.9%). Instead for the crossline direction, the smallest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 2.49 × 2.49 cm² both for air-gap (8.6% ) and lung-gap (0.5%). The largest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 24.07 × 24.07 cm² both for air-gap (46.2%) and lung-gap (4.2%). PDD and crossline profiles showed good agreement with a gamma-passing rate higher than 91.15% for 2%/2 mm. The ERE can be adequately calculated by MC dose calculation platform available in the MRIdian Treatment Planning System. The MCs show an increase of the ERE directly proportional with the radiation field size. Good agreement was observed between the experimental measurements and calculated dose distributions.

• Book : 11(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.015010
• Keyword :

Abstract

Cross-coupling among the fundamental degrees of freedom in solids has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. Despite its progress using predominantly three-dimensional materials, how the same physics plays out for two-dimensional materials is unknown. Here, we show that using ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS3 undergoes a first-order magnetic phase transition due to the strong charge-spin coupling in a honeycomb lattice. Our ³¹P NMR spectrum near the Néel ordering temperature $ T_{\text{N}} = 155 $ K exhibits the coexistence of paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases within a finite temperature range. Furthermore, we observed a discontinuity in the order parameter at $ T_{\text{N}} $ and the complete absence of critical behavior of spin fluctuations above $ T_{\text{N}} $, decisively establishing the first-order nature of the magnetic transition. We propose that a charge stripe instability arising from a Zhang-Rice triplet ground state triggers the first-order magnetic transition.

• Book : 37(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.055801
• Keyword :