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2025
AbstractThe HSP90/R2TP quaternary chaperone assembles key cellular machines, including the three nuclear RNA polymerases and many non-coding RNPs. Here, we characterized the RNA associated to R2TP and found that it binds many partners co-translationally. Its co-translational interactome further reveals many novel potential clients and identifies clients bound only co-translationally, only post-translationally, or both. For pairs of subunits assembling together and bound co-translationally by R2TP, only a marginal proportion of their mRNAs is co-localized and co-translated. Instead, the HSP90 and R2TP chaperones induce the formation of condensates accumulating client mRNAs and thus favoring co-translational interactions between chaperones and clients. The R2TP then cycles between co- and post-translational steps and this is regulated by ATP: it binds co-translationally in absence of ATP and becomes released from post-translational assembly intermediates by ATP hydrolysis. Assembly of protein complexes is thus initiated early by chaperones and this mechanism, dubbed co-translational chaperone channeling (cha-cha), substitutes for the rarity of co-localized/co-translated mRNAs.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
ABSTRACTBackgroundLung cancer is among the most common and deadliest malignant tumors worldwide. It is often detected at late stages, resulting in unfavorable outcomes, with tumor cell heterogeneity and medication resistance. Tumor‐associated macrophages are among the key cells contributing to cancer progression. They are categorized into two primary phenotypes: Proinflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) which are involved in the onset and progression of NSCLC. The role of common cytokines secreted by macrophages in the progression of lung cancer are described, and the effects of various substances such as RNA or protein on the differentiation and polarization of two phenotypes of macrophages are highlighted to characterize the impact of the immune state of tumors on therapeutic effect of treatments and patient prognosis. Researchers have primarily aimed to investigate innovative carriers and strategies based on macrophages to modify the tumor microenvironment.ObjectivesThese approaches are often integrated with other treatments, particularly immunotherapy, to enhance therapeutic efficacy.MethodsA comprehensive review was carried out by systematically synthesizing existing literature on PubMed, using the combination of the keywords “TAMs”, “NSCLC”, “Drug resistance”, and “therapy”. The available studies were screened for selection based on quality and relevance.ConclusionsTAMs promote tumor invasion, growth, and metastasis by promoting angiogenesis and EMT. In addition, they contribute to the development of drug resistance and the immunosuppressive microenvironment establishment. The immunosuppressive factors secreted by TAM can weaken the activity of immune cells, inhibit their killing effect on tumors, leading to immune suppression and hindering the effectiveness of treatment. Therefore, TAM is a key target for the development of cancer immunotherapy. Various strategies are being explored, including reducing the recruitment of TAMs and influencing their polarization to treat NSCLC. In addition, TAMs based treatment systems can achieve precise delivery of drugs or gene interfering molecules without causing side effects.- Book : 14(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
ABSTRACTSynthetic cannabinoids, known as Spice or K2, emerged in Europe and the United States between 2005 and 2008, peaking in incidents by 2015 with severe health implications. In 2021, the identification of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a semisynthetic cannabinoid (SSC), led to regulatory control in more than 20 countries in Europe, several US states, and other jurisdictions. A 2024 study in the United States highlighted the diversity of semisynthetic cannabinoids in the US market. New entries of SSCs are increasingly available in the European market, often found as blends in consumer products. This highlights the growing complexity of their regulation and the potential public health risks due to limited toxicological data. The major ingredients, isolated from “CB9”, “tresconol”, and “CBx”, were subjected to mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The major isolated ingredient of “CB9” was identified as [2‐(E)‐propen‐1‐yl]‐Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐acetate. The major ingredient of “tresconol” was identified as [2‐propen‐2‐yl]‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, and the major ingredient of “CBx” was identified as [2‐propen‐2‐yl]‐Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol. These compounds have no available spectroscopic or chromatographic data, have never been identified in Cannabis plants, and cannot be identified by standard chromatographic forensic analytical methods, without the use of spectroscopic techniques due to the lack of reference standards. The products were complex mixtures of previously unknown synthetic cannabinoids lacking established safety profiles. These findings highlight the potential public health risks associated with unregulated SSCs, similar to the concerns raised during the 2015 Spice outbreak. The presence of these novel substances requires careful monitoring to prevent future health crises.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
This investigation showcases the viability of producing SixGe1−x bulk single crystals via the Czochralski technique. A high Si content in Ge-rich SiGe wafers is highly desirable for various applications in quantum technology, particularly as strain-relaxed buffers for the realization of hole spin qubits in strained Ge quantum well heterostructures. The focus lies on the bulk crystal growth of such materials and their chemical and structural quality. For this, the Czochralski process, starting from a highly pure Ge seed and melt, utilizing continuous feeding by dissolution of Si rods was performed.Si0.16Ge0.86 wafers with a diameter of up to 15 mm obtained from the bulk crystal exhibited homogeneous structural quality in contrast to the conventionally used epitaxial strain-relaxed SiGe buffers. The compositional fluctuations of Si measured throughout the wafer were below 0.4 at. % in addition to a dislocation density below 3 × 106 dislocations/cm2. Interestingly, the central region of the wafer displayed no measurable compositional fluctuations and contained less than 105 dislocations/cm2. Furthermore, the difficulties and limits of growing such SiGe crystals are discussed, such as the continuous dissolution of Si during growth and the formation of oxides in the melt during growth. The current observations indicate significant potential for further enhancement of the crystal quality and to realize higher Si concentrations using the Czochralski technique.- Book : 137(6)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
X-ray detection at X-ray free-electron lasers is challenging in part due to the XFEL's extremely short and intense X-ray pulses. Experimental measurements are further complicated by the large fluctuations inherent to the self-amplified spontaneous emission process producing the X-rays. At the Linac Coherent Light Source the ePix10ka2M detector offers multiple gain modes, and auto-ranging between these, to increase the dynamic range while retaining low noise. For diffuse scattering techniques, such as time-resolved X-ray solution scattering, where the shape of the scattering pattern largely does not change between exposures, a fixed mix of different gain modes offers many of the same advantages as auto-ranging. We find that configuring individual ASICs in separate gain modes does not impact the intensity linearity of the gain response and has a limited effect on the effective dynamic range in regions with different gain mode settings while avoiding the complexities of auto-ranging. Small (<5%) non-linear gain contributions arise when pixels on the same ASIC are configured in different gain modes. We present a configuration scheme that is designed to select the optimal mixed gain configuration to minimize effects of saturation in the high-/medium-gain region, while maximizing the number of pixels with higher gain to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.- Book : 32(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Background: Radiomics is a non-invasive and cost-effective method for predicting the biological characteristics of tumors. In this study, we explored the association between radiomic features derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic alterations in patients with breast cancer. Methods: We reviewed electronic medical records of patients with breast cancer patients with available targeted next-generation sequencing data available between August 2018 and May 2021. Substraction imaging of T1-weighted sequences was utilized. The tumor area on MRI was segmented semi-automatically, based on a seeded region growing algorithm. Radiomic features were extracted using the open-source software 3D slicer (version 5.6.1) with PyRadiomics extension. The association between genetic alterations and radiomic features was examined. Results: In total, 166 patients were included in this study. Among the 50 panel genes analyzed, only TP53 mutations were significantly associated with radiomic features. Compared with TP53 wild-type tumors, TP53 mutations were associated with larger tumor size, advanced stage, negative hormonal receptor status, and HER2 positivity. Tumors with TP53 mutations exhibited higher values for Gray Level Non-Uniformity, Dependence Non-Uniformity, and Run Length Non-Uniformity, and lower values for Sphericity, Low Gray Level Emphasis, and Small Dependence Low Gray Level emphasis compared to TP53 wild-type tumors. Six radiomic features were selected to develop a composite radiomics score. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.786 (95% confidence interval, 0.719–0.854; p < 0.001). Conclusions: TP53 mutations in breast cancer can be predicted using MRI-derived radiomic analysis. Further research is needed to assess whether radiomics can help guide treatment decisions in clinical practice.- Book : 15(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.428-428
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2025
As an important and promising experimental method for simulating the containerless state in outer space, acoustic levitation provides excellent contact-free condition to investigate solidification process. Meanwhile, the radiation pressure and acoustic streaming caused by nonlinear effects bring various kinds of novel phenomena to crystallization kinetics. In this work, high-speed CCD, low-speed camera and infrared thermal imager were used simultaneously to observe the crystallization process of acoustically levitated SCN-DC transparent alloys. The undercooling ability and solidification process of alloy droplets with different aspect ratios were explored under acoustic levitation state. For hypoeutectic SCN-10wt%DC, eutectic SCN-23.6wt%DC and hypereutectic SCN-40wt%DC alloys, the experimental maximum undercoolings reached 22.5(0.07TL), 16(0.05TE) and 32.5K(0.1TL) respectively and the corresponding crystal growth velocities were 27.91, 0.21 and 0.45 mm/s. In SCN-10wt%DC hypoeutectic alloy, the nucleation mode of SCN dendrite changed from edge nucleation to random nucleation with the increase of undercooling. For SCN-23.6wt%DC eutectic alloy, when undercooling exceeded 12.6K, DC dendrite preferentially nucleated and grew, and then the (SCN+DC) eutectic grew attached to DC dendrite. Moreover, the growth interface of DC dendrite gradually changed from sharp to smooth within SCN-40wt%DC hypereutectic alloy as the undercooling degree rose. The undercooling distribution curve and nucleation probability variation trend were analyzed versus aspect ratio. It was found that as the aspect ratio increased, undercooling of alloy droplet increased firstly, then decreased, and finally remained almost unchanged. Further analysis showed that with the increase of aspect ratio, the cooling rate would rise and thus enhanced the undercooling. However, the increase in surface nucleation rate and the droplet oscillation inhibited deep undercooling of alloy droplet. Therefore, the coupled effects of cooling rate, surface nucleation rate and droplet oscillation determined the undercooling of the alloy. In the case of SCN-40wt%DC hypereutectic alloy, the acoustic streaming and surface oscillation arising from acoustic field were the principal factors intensifying surface nucleation.- Book : 74(7)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.0-0
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2025
Abstract
Collective modes emerge as the relevant degrees of freedom that govern low-energy excitations of atomic nuclei. These modes - rotations, pairing rotations, and vibrations - are separated in energy from non-collective excitations, making it possible to describe them in the framework of effective field theory. Rotations and pairing rotations are the remnants of Nambu-Goldstone modes from the emergent breaking of rotational symmetry and phase symmetries in finite deformed and finite superfluid nuclei, respectively. The symmetry breaking severely constrains the structure of low-energy Lagrangians and thereby clarifies what is essential and simplifies the description. The approach via effective field theories exposes the essence of nuclear collective excitations and is defined with a breakdown scale in mind. This permits one to make systematic improvements and to estimate and quantify uncertainties. Effective field theories of collective excitations have been used to compute spectra, transition rates, and other matrix elements of interest. In particular, predictions of the nuclear matrix element for neutrinoless double beta decay then come with quantified uncertainties. This review summarizes these results and also compares the approach via effective field theories to well-known models and ab initio computations.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Background Nuclear medicine is a dynamic field that uses radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research. Developing terminology in this domain involves addressing complex concepts across multiple disciplines. Greek and Latin roots provide universal terms, enabling clear communication among global professionals. Scientific prefixes, suffixes, and abbreviations further simplify advanced imaging concepts, while descriptive compounding and eponyms create intuitive and historically relevant terms. Methods The creation of nuclear medicine terminology combines linguistic precision with scientific innovation. Greek and Latin roots form universally understood terms with historical significance. Prefixes and suffixes add precision to describe technologies, while abbreviations like PET (Positron Emission Tomography) simplify complex terms for efficient communication. Descriptive compounding explains mechanisms clearly, and naming conventions honor inventors, adding historical depth. Standard units like Becquerel (Bq) and descriptors like SUV ensure consistent measurements. Terminology adapts to advances like PET/MRI, merging functional and anatomical imaging for enhanced clarity and utility. Results The systematic approach to nuclear medicine terminology provides a clear and consistent framework for communication. Greek and Latin roots standardize terms for complex processes, while prefixes and suffixes ensure descriptive precision. Abbreviations like PET and SUV improve communication speed and efficiency. Descriptive compounding simplifies understanding of technologies, and historical naming conventions honor significant contributions. Standard units, such as Bq and Gy, ensure measurement consistency. Hybrid imaging systems like PET/MRI drive terminology evolution, reflecting technological integration and enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic precision. Conclusion Nuclear medicine’s systematic terminology ensures clarity and precision, vital for advancing diagnostics, treatment, and research. By combining classical roots, scientific prefixes, and standardized units, this framework fosters global collaboration and innovation. Abbreviations and intuitive compounding enhance accessibility, while eponyms honor historical contributions. As hybrid imaging systems evolve, this adaptable terminology continues to support innovation, bridging complex concepts with practical applications to advance patient care.- Book : 5()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.46-46
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2025
Five species of Alexandrium (A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. leei, A. pseudogonyaulax, and A. tamiyavanichii) are commonly found in Vietnamese waters. They were distinguished based on their apical pore complex (A.P.C), precingular first plate (1′), ventral pore (Vp), and sulcal platelets. A genetic analysis was conducted using nuclear rDNA sequences of ITS and LSU (D1–D3, D8–D10). The growth rates of A. fraterculus, A. leei, A. tamiyavanichii, and A. pseudogonyaulax were quite similar. Specifically, these four species had the highest growth rates at two temperature levels of 24 °C and 27 °C, at salinities ranging from 25 psu to 35 psu. Furthermore, these species were able to adapt to a low salinity of 20 psu at temperatures from 18 °C to 27 °C. No Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) were found in the two Alexandrium affine strains, VINVN01-1 and VINVN01-2. The detection limit for PSTs ranged from 0.45 to 15.5 fg cell−1, depending on the molecular response and available biomass.- Book : 17(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.81-81
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