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2025
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- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photosensitizers (PSs) that, upon activation by specific wavelengths of light, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), within the targeted tissue, typically tumor cells. The generated ROS induces cellular damage, disrupts cellular processes, and ultimately leads to apoptosis or necrosis of the tumor cells. However, the clinical application of PDT is significantly hindered by the limited tissue penetration ability of light. To address this limitation, laser-free self-luminescent photosensitive systems have emerged as potential solutions for achieving deep-tissue PDT and imaging. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various laser-independent photosensitive systems, with a particular emphasis on those based on resonance energy transfer (RET), chemically induced electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL), and Cherenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET). The aim is to offer a theoretical framework for the development of novel photodynamic systems and to reassess the application potential of certain previously overlooked photosensitizers (PSs).- Book : 26(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1437-1437
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2025
- Book : 41()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.101936-101936
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Background/Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of curative (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma and to identify prognostic factors influencing treatment outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 173 consecutive patients, treated with definitive or postoperative (chemo)radiotherapy from 2002 to 2020 [median age 60 years; current/former smokers 95%; UICC stage III/IV 96%]. Radiation therapy was preceded by a radical resection of a primary tumor in 32% of patients. One hundred patients received chemotherapy. Results: The median total dose of radiotherapy achieved was 70 Gy. The five- and ten-year locoregional controls were 63%, and the five- and ten-year distant controls were 77% and 76%, respectively. The five- and ten-year overall survival rates were 24% and 9%, respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the limited effectiveness of curative (chemo)radiotherapy in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma with long-term locoregional and distant control of half of the treated patients. The multivariate analysis indicated that initial surgery, chemotherapy, comorbidity score (as assessed by ACE-27), pretreatment tracheostomy, hemoglobin level and initial response to treatment were the strongest prognostic factors in predicting survival. Using these factors, corresponding predictive models were constructed.- Book : 13(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.417-417
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2025
- Book : 1012()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.116833-116833
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Abstract
We provide a framework for numerically computing the effects of free-streaming
in scalar fields produced after inflation. First, we provide a
detailed prescription for setting up initial conditions in the field. This prescription allows us to specify the power
spectra of the fields (peaked on subhorizon length scales and without a homogeneous field mode), and importantly, also correctly reproduces the
behaviour of density perturbations on large length scales consistent with
superhorizon adiabatic perturbations. We then evolve
the fields using a spatially inhomogeneous Klein-Gordon equation, including the effects of expansion and radiation-sourced metric perturbations. We show how gravity enhances, and how free streaming erases the initially
adiabatic density perturbations of the field, revealing more of the underlying, non-evolving, white-noise isocurvature density contrast. Furthermore, we explore the effect of
non-gravitational self-interactions of the field, including oscillon formation, on the suppression dynamics. As part of this paper, we make our code, Cosmic-Fields-Lite (CFL)
, publicly available.
For observationally accessible signatures, our work is particularly relevant for structure formation in light/ultralight dark matter fields.- Book : 2025(02)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.025-025
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2025
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With the support of this study, based on published information, this article highlights that Geosciences enable the research of methods and perspectives aimed at optimizing the management of natural resource use, aligning them with ecological limitations and incorporating environmental and social variables into the territorial planning process. Geoscientific information, knowledge, and learning establish a foundation for the supply of essential resources and provide technical and scientific support across various sectors and topics of societal interest. These include mining, where knowledge and proper utilization of essential mineral resources are crucial for human survival and quality of life; energy, which relies on petroleum, gas, coal, peat, and other minerals for nuclear energy generation, as well as for renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Agriculture, which depends on fertilizers, soil remineralizers, conditioners, and a reliable water supply. In the field of public health, geoscientific knowledge helps ensure the quality of water, soil, and air. In urban planning, it guides land-use restrictions or expansion. In housing, the availability of construction materials is essential. In civil defense, geoscientific insights are crucial for managing landslides, floods, earthquakes, subsidence, and erosion. Regarding infrastructure, geosciences support both social (housing, sanitation, education, healthcare) and economic (energy, transportation, communications) developments. Tourism benefits from geoparks and scenic areas, while environmental studies focus on impact assessments, disaster prevention, and the rehabilitation of degraded areas. Moreover, geoscientific knowledge is indispensable for planning across various sectors of the economy, regions, and societal issues. This applies to public institutions, civil society organizations, private companies, and watershed committees, aiding in the formulation of Regional Development Plans, Ecological-Economic Zoning, Territorial Planning, and strategies for the utilization of continental shelves, coastal environments, and accident prevention. We are entirely dependent on the geological characteristics of natural environments, as they provide the raw materials—such as minerals, water, and food—necessary for our survival and socio-economic development. As geoscientific knowledge and understanding of land and environmental suitability and limitations increase, Geodiversity can play a more significant role in shaping public policies related to urban and rural land use, infrastructure, and the sustainable economic exploitation of mineral and water resources, aligning with Municipal Master Plans, State Development Plans, and the National Territorial Planning Strategy.- Book : 8(1)
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2025
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