Abstract The Amazon, the world's largest tropical forest, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle. It has a large carbon pool and acts as a major carbon sink. However, in 2023–2024, a compound heatwave-drought event (HD2023) hit the Amazon region, resulting in extreme temperatures and soil moisture deficits, threatening the region's carbon sink capacity. Using advanced multisource satellite data and meteorological reanalysis, we quantified the impact of various climatic factors on vegetation productivity during HD2023 and analyzed its progression. Our findings showed that HD2023 led to a 530 Tg C decline in gross primary productivity and 0.003 reduction in near-infrared reflectance of vegetation. The strongest phase of the event spanned five months, causing persistently high temperatures and reduced precipitation, leading to a continuous decline in soil moisture and marked reduction in gross primary productivity. The most severe decrease in gross primary productivity occurred in January2024. The event originated in the northwest and gradually spread to the southeast. Soil moisture was the dominant factor in the decline of photosynthesis across vegetation types, whereas high solar radiation mitigated the impact of drought in evergreen broad forests and savannas. Moreover, the sensitivity of gross primary productivity to compound heatwave-drought varied across vegetation types, ranking as grassland > savanna > evergreen broad forest. This study assessed the impact of HD2023 on regional carbon flux in the Amazon. As climate projections indicate future increases in climate extremes over the Amazon, it is important to identify the drivers of this impact on the carbon cycle of the Amazon.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Book : 52()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.100928-100928
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate bone remodeling in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during canine distalization in obese individuals and compare it to that in normal-weight individuals. Additionally, the orthodontic tooth movement rates of obese individuals were measured and compared with those of normalweight individuals. Methods: Thirty-six patients (18 obese and 18 normalweight) aged 12–18 years who were candidates for maxillary first premolar extraction for Angle Class II malocclusion were included in the study. The two groups were formed according to World Health Organization guidelines. A normal-weight group (body mass index [BMI] 16–85%) and an obese group (BMI ≥ 95%). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected before, 24 hours after, and on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after the application of the distalization force. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure leptin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in GCF samples. In addition to the recorded GCF sampling times, the amount of canine tooth movement was calculated using digital models obtained on the 28th day and 3rd month. Results: Leptin, RANKL, OPG, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the obese group (P < 0.05). The digital model measurements displayed high rates of repeatability (ICC 0.990). The difference in the amount of tooth movement between groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Although obese and normal-weight individuals showed different biomarker levels during tooth movement, there were no significant differences in the amount of movement.

• Book : 55(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.3-14
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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To explore the influencing factors of explosion accidents caused by gasoline leakage in a confined space, the effects of ignition delay time, ignition energy, initial pressure, initial temperature and mass concentration on gasoline vapor explosion pressure and flame propagation velocity were investigated using a 20 L spherical explosion vessel. The dynamic explosion temperature distribution of gasoline vapor was mapped by the colorimetric thermometry, and the results demonstrated that the optimal ignition delay time, ignition energy and mass concentration of gasoline vapor in the confined space were 100 ms, 100 J and 160 g/m3, respectively. When the initial pressure was 0.11 MPa, the deflagration pressure of gasoline vapor explosion reached the maximum of 1.08 MPa. The influence of the increasing initial temperature on the maximum explosion pressure rise rate of gasoline was greater than that on the explosion pressure and combustion duration. When the mass concentration of gasoline vapor was 160 g/m3, the flame propagation velocity and average temperature both obtained their maximum values of 1.23 m/s and 2271 K, respectively. The research results were conductive to reveal the mechanism of explosion accidents caused by gasoline leakage in a confined space, and may provide theoretical guidance for safe storage and transportation of gasoline.

• Book : (00)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.17-17
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With the advent of high repetition rate laser facilities, novel diagnostic tools compatible with these advanced specifications are required. This paper presents the design of an active gamma-ray spectrometer intended for these high repetition rate experiments, with particular emphasis on functionality within a PW level laser-plasma interaction chamber’s extreme conditions. The spectrometer uses stacked scintillators to accommodate a broad range of gamma-ray energies, demonstrating its adaptability for various experimental setups. In addition, it has been engineered to maintain compactness, electromagnetic pulse resistance, and ISO-5 cleanliness requirements while ensuring high sensitivity. The spectrometer has been tested in real conditions inside the PW-class level interaction chamber at the BELLA center, LBNL. The paper further details the calibration process, which utilizes a 60Co radioactive source, and describes the unfolding technique implemented through a stochastic minimization method.

• Book : 96(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infections in dairy sheep and goats in continental and insular Greece, based on an abattoir survey, and (ii) to evaluate potential host-related risk factors including the age and sex, as well as the altitude, the management system, the co-existence of goats and sheep, the season, and the anthelmintic treatment, on the occurrence of haemonchosis. Methods: In total, 1004 abomasa of small ruminants were examined to evaluate the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. Moreover, a structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information regarding animal and farm characteristics. Haemonchus-like helminths were collected from the abomasa and used for the molecular species identification; a fragment of 321 base pairs of the internal transcribed spacer 2 sequence of nuclear DNA was amplified. Results: The prevalence of mono-species H. contortus infection of small ruminants was 37.2%. For sheep, a multivariable analysis revealed the anthelmintic treatment (treatment with pro/benzimidazoles), the age (lambs under 2 months old), and the management system (intensive management system) as significant factors for preventing H. contortus infection. Likewise, the management system (intensive management system), the anthelmintic treatment (treatment with macrocyclic lactones and their combination with pro/benzimidazoles), the altitude of the farms (farms located over 300 m above sea level), and the season (spring and summer) were significant risk factors in preventing H. contortus infection in goats. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted management practices and region-specific veterinary protocols to effectively reduce parasitic burdens.

• Book : 15(4)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.487-487
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-7
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Abstract2D materials, including transition metal dichalcogenides, are attractive for a variety of applications in electronics as well as photonics and have recently been envisioned as an appealing platform for phonon polaritonics. However, their direct characterization in the terahertz spectral region, of interest for retrieving, e.g., their phonon response, represents a major challenge, due to the limited sensitivity of typical terahertz spectroscopic tools and the weak interaction of such long‐wavelength radiation with sub‐nanometer systems. In this work, by exploiting an ad‐hoc engineered metallic surface enabling a ten‐thousand‐fold local absorption boost, enhanced terahertz spectroscopy of a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (tungsten diselenide) is performed and its dipole‐active phonon resonance features are extracted. In addition, these data are used to obtain the monolayer effective permittivity around its phonon resonance. Via the direct terahertz characterization of the phonon response of such 2D systems, this method opens the path to the rational design of phonon polariton devices exploiting monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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