ABSTRACTMitochondria play a fundamental role in energy metabolism, particularly in high‐energy‐demand tissues such as skeletal muscle. Understanding the proteomic composition of mitochondria in these cells is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying muscle physiology and pathology. However, effective isolation of mitochondria from primary human skeletal muscle cells has been challenging due to the complex cellular architecture and the propensity for contamination with other organelles. Here, we compared four different methods to isolate mitochondria from primary human skeletal myoblasts regarding total protein yield, mitochondrial enrichment capacity and purity of the isolated fraction. We presented a modified method that combines differential centrifugation with a hypotonic swelling step and a subsequent purification process to minimise cellular contamination. We validated our method by demonstrating its ability to obtain highly pure mitochondrial fractions, as confirmed by Western Blot with mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear markers. We demonstrated that proteomic analysis can be performed with isolated mitochondria. Our approach provides a valuable tool for investigating mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and function in the context of skeletal muscle biology in health and disease. This methodological advancement opens new avenues for mitochondrial research and its implications in myopathies, sarcopenia, cachexia and metabolic disorders.

• Book : 29(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Free-space laser communications offer a promising alternative for broadband data transmission in places where fiber optics are impractical. This technology, particularly effective at the 1.55 μm wavelength in the near infrared, also has potential applications in the medium-wave infrared (MWIR, 3–5 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8–14 μm) ranges. MWIR and LWIR are superior for transmission through fog, clouds, and dust, with LWIR offering stealth advantages thanks to natural thermal radiation. In addition, mid-infrared wavelengths benefit from reduced atmospheric scattering and signal distortion, making them much more reliable for free-space optical communications. Quantum cascade devices such as lasers, modulators, and detectors operating in the MWIR and LWIR ranges are seen as high-potential candidates for data transmission under poor weather conditions or in degraded environments. This Perspective reviews advances in mid-infrared optoelectronics and their applications in high-speed data transmission and integrated photonic technologies, offering insights for researchers and engineers working in this field.

• Book : 10(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-1
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : 6(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-20
• Keyword :

ABSTRACTBackgroundMultiple studies have demonstrated the intracranial efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) +/− chemotherapy. The efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy compared to ICI alone in patients with metastatic NSCLC and brain metastases (BM) remains unknown.MethodsA systematic review and network meta‐analysis were performed to evaluate ICI efficacy and the influence of additional chemotherapy on survival outcomes in treatment‐naïve metastatic NSCLC with BM. Randomized phase II/III studies with at least one treatment arm with an ICI were eligible. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) in patients with and without BM were assessed.ResultsTen studies were included, totaling 6560 patients, 770 with BM. Pairwise meta‐analysis revealed that patients with BM treated with ICI +/− chemotherapy had improved PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.49; 95% CI 0.40–0.60) and OS (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.44–0.68) versus chemotherapy alone. Patients without BM treated with ICI +/− chemotherapy also had improved PFS and OS compared to chemotherapy alone. In the network meta‐analysis of patients with BM, chemoimmunotherapy demonstrated improved PFS compared to ICI alone (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43–0.96; p = 0.03). No significant difference was observed in OS. In the population of patients without BM, no significant differences in PFS or OS were observed between chemoimmunotherapy versus ICI alone.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis confirms that ICIs with or without chemotherapy are superior to chemotherapy alone for the first‐line management of metastatic NSCLC with and without BM. This network meta‐analysis suggests combination chemoimmunotherapy offers PFS benefit over ICI monotherapy in BM patients, warranting direct comparisons in clinical trials.Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42024501345

• Book : 16(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

사이토카인 과다 생성으로 인한 과도한 면역 반응이 죽상동맥경화증과 염증성 장 질환과 같은 염증성 질환의 주요 원인으로 대두되고 있어, 면역 균형 유지의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 대마(Cannabis sativa L.)의 주원료인 잎과 꽃은 의료적 용도로 광범위하게 연구되고 있으나, 줄기나 뿌리 등 대부분은 잠재적 생물학적 활성을 가질 가능성이 있음에도 불구하고 폐기되고 있다. 본 연구는 아직 활용되지 못하고 폐기되는 대마의 뿌리를 이용하여, 에틸아세테이트 분획물(ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of Cannabis sativa L. root, EAR)을 제작하고, 이의 항염증성 효과를 검증하였다. RAW264.7 대식세포주에서 EAR의 전처리는 지질 다당류(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)로 유도되는 일산화질소(nitric oxide, NO) 생성과 유도성 NO 합성효소(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 발현을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 특히, EAR의 처리 용량 의존적인 효과를 입증하였으며, 세포 생존율에 영향을 미치지 않는 최대 농도 1 μg/ml를 제시하였다. 또한, EAR의 전처리는 Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) 경로를 통해 활성화되는 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) 및 mitogen activated-protein kinase (MAPK)의 인산화뿐만 아니라, Il6, Il1b, Ccl2, Nos2를 포함하는 염증인자들의 발현도 강력하게 억제시켰다. LPS와 interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)에 의해 유도된 과도한 염증 상태의 대식세포에서도, EAR의 처리는 Il6, Il1b, Ccl2, Nos2의 유전자 발현과 IL-1β 단백질 발현을 효과적으로 감소시켰다. EAR은 NO의 생성에 영향을 주는 NOS 억제제 L-NAME과는 달리, NO 생성뿐만 아니라 초기 염증 신호 전달 경로를 광범위하게 억제함으로써 효과적으로 염증 반응을 조절한다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결과는 EAR의 항염증성 효과가 병원체 침입 초기 및 과염증 상태의 대식세포에서 모두 유의적임을 입증하였으며, 과도한 염증을 관리하기 위한 예방 및 치료 보조제 개발에 대마 뿌리를 활용할 가치가 있음을 제시한다.

• Book : 35(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.12-22
• Keyword :