Abstract In this article, we investigate parton energy loss in cold nuclear matter by studying the ratio of Drell–Yan production cross sections in fixed-target proton-nucleus (p + A) collisions. We analyze Drell–Yan production cross-section data from the Fermilab E866 and E906 experiments using two different quark energy loss parametrization models and various parton distribution functions for 800 and 120 GeV proton beams incident on light and heavy nuclear targets. The sensitivity of the energy loss parameter on the employed parton distribution function has been thoroughly investigated. Our results have been used to predict the target mass dependence of Drell–Yan production in upcoming proton-induced collisions at SPS and FAIR.

• Book : 85(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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Abstract Mergers of binary neutron stars emit signals in both the gravitational-wave (GW) and electromagnetic spectra. Famously, the 2017 multi-messenger observation of GW170817 (refs. 1,2) led to scientific discoveries across cosmology3, nuclear physics4–6 and gravity7. Central to these results were the sky localization and distance obtained from the GW data, which, in the case of GW170817, helped to identify the associated electromagnetic transient, AT 2017gfo (ref. 8), 11 h after the GW signal. Fast analysis of GW data is critical for directing time-sensitive electromagnetic observations. However, owing to challenges arising from the length and complexity of signals, it is often necessary to make approximations that sacrifice accuracy. Here we present a machine-learning framework that performs complete binary neutron star inference in just 1 s without making any such approximations. Our approach enhances multi-messenger observations by providing: (1) accurate localization even before the merger; (2) improved localization precision by around 30% compared to approximate low-latency methods; and (3) detailed information on luminosity distance, inclination and masses, which can be used to prioritize expensive telescope time. Additionally, the flexibility and reduced cost of our method open new opportunities for equation-of-state studies. Finally, we demonstrate that our method scales to long signals, up to an hour in length, thus serving as a blueprint for data analysis for next-generation ground- and space-based detectors.

• Book : 639(8053)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.49-53
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Abstract We use nanotechnology-improved targets for femtosecond laser pulse shots in order to take advantage of plasmonic effects when accelerating electrons and ions. We seek to reach proton energies sufficient for igniting nuclear fusion processes with the surrounding material. In particular, the pB reaction is aimed at, not producing primary neutrons, just alpha particles. This paper reports about the state of our experimental research as presented at the conference on Particles and Plasmas, June 10–12, 2024, Budapest, Hungary.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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AbstractWater clarity regulates irradiance penetration in aquatic environments, influencing physical and biological dynamics: irradiance penetration affects heat transfer in the water column and provides energy through photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the euphotic zone, which is vital for light‐dependent organisms. The ability to accurately assess water clarity is therefore important in several aquatic science contexts, from data analysis and process interpretation to modeling. Common metrics used to quantify water clarity include the vertical irradiance attenuation coefficient , a measure of irradiance penetration, and the Secchi disk depth (), a measure of water visibility. The enduring simplicity and low cost of the Secchi disk has made it a global standard for measuring water clarity for almost two centuries. In contrast, is typically determined using expensive instruments that measure underwater irradiance profiles. This highlights the need for innovative, cost‐effective methods that integrate both types of measurements. Here we present DISCO, a low‐cost, easy‐to‐build instrument that retains the traditional appearance of a Secchi disk, and is equipped with photoresistors (also known as light‐dependent resistors, LDRs) both looking upwards and downwards for planar irradiance measurements. DISCO is also equipped with low‐cost temperature and pressure sensors, all connected to an ArduinoUNO board. DISCO was tested in two mountain lakes together with high resolution PAR, temperature and pressure sensors to calibrate the LDRs and validate its performance. The results show that the proposed instrument is able to measure the irradiance attenuation coefficients with an error of less than 10 compared to the reference PAR sensor.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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ABSTRACTEvaluating long‐term changes in thermal comfort can be useful for considering measures against thermal‐related health risks. In this study, spatio‐temporal changes in thermal comfort, using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), were calculated from observations at 140 weather stations across Japan for the 1980–2020 period. To derive the mean radiant temperature (MRT) values not readily measured at the stations but required in the estimation of UTCI, a machine‐learning model (XGBoost) was developed. The model uses the station observations, coarse‐resolution radiation data from the ERA‐5 reanalyses dataset, and available globe temperature measurements as predictors. The trend of UTCI throughout Japan in summer was found to be significantly positive. Meanwhile, negative trends were found in stations located in northern areas during the winter. This suggests that not only heat stress risks but also cold stress risks should be given careful attention in colder regions. Lastly, a comparison of the estimated UTCI with prefecture‐level daily summertime heat‐stroke data reveals that the UTCI threshold above which heat‐stroke cases rise drastically varies distinctly between warm and cold regions, with the latter having a lower threshold. These findings could contribute to the estimation of risks attributable to climate change and to better planning of climate‐change‐resilient cities.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Epigenetic regulation provides new insights into the mechanisms of osteogenic differentiation and identifies potential targets for treating bone-related diseases. However, the specific regulatory networks and mechanisms involved still need further investigation. In this study, we identify PRMT7 as a novel epigenetic regulator of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic commitment. Conditional knockout of Prmt7 in mice reveals a significant impairment in osteogenesis and bone regeneration, specifically in females, affecting both femurs and mandibles, with no noticeable effect in males. Mechanistically, PRMT7 modulates MSCs osteogenic differentiation by activating PTEN. Specifically, PRMT7 enhances PTEN transcription by increasing H3R2me1 levels at the PTEN promoter. Additionally, PRMT7 interacts with the PTEN protein and stabilizes nuclear PTEN, revealing an unprecedented pathway. Notably, overexpression of PTEN alleviates the osteogenic deficits observed in Prmt7-deficient mice. This research establishes PRMT7 as a potential therapeutic target for promoting bone formation/regeneration and offers novel molecular insights into the PRMT7–PTEN regulatory axis, underscoring its significance in bone biology and regenerative medicine.

• Book : 26(7)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.2981-2981
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In this study, the characterization and comparison of corrosion products collected from the low-pressure and high-pressure heaters of an operating pressurized water reactor during the dry lay-up period indicated distinct differences in their composition and structure. Low-pressure and high-pressure feedwater heaters favored the formation of hematite and magnetite, respectively. Notably, Fe oxyhydroxides, such as goethite and lepidocrocite, were observed exclusively on the surface of the corrosion products formed in the high-pressure feedwater heater. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed the formation of Fe oxyhydroxides from Fe ions, indicating that Fe oxides such as magnetite can transform into Fe oxyhydroxides during the dry lay-up period under high humidity and oxygen-rich conditions. The results of this study could guide future research on mitigating corrosion in nuclear power plants, significantly improving their safety and efficiency

• Book : 57(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.325-337
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In this work, we investigated La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ / SrTi0.3Fe0.7O3−δ multilayer systems with different layer thicknesses. Reciprocal space mapping showed splitting of the reflections in the sample with 5 nm layers while for 15 nm thick layers reflections have been elongated. Using transmission electron microscopy, we investigated this phenomenon at the atomic scale and showed that the alternating 15 nm layers gradually increase their tensile out-of-plane strain, whereas the sample with 5 nm layers maintains a relatively stable strain state. In-plane strain relaxation is similar in both samples. Still, it differs in the strain relaxation mechanism, which involves the formation of amorphous regions in the 5 nm sample and the formation of edge dislocations in the 15 nm sample. Electron energy loss spectroscopy was employed to probe the oxidation states of Co, Fe, and Ti. In both samples, the oxygen vacancy concentration increases toward the surface.

• Book : 137(12)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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IntroductionThe Th2 immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, contributing to the formation of hepatic granulomas and fibrosis. While the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor that mediates anti-inflammatory effects, its impact on Th2 responses in schistosomiasis remains underexplored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential impact of GR activation on the hepatic Th2 immune response in schistosomiasis using the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone.MethodIn vivo, Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice were treated with dexamethasone, while in vitro studies were conducted on Th2 cells. Additionally, RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing were integrated to identify key transcription factors influenced by GR activation during Th2 cell differentiation, with gene expression levels validated both in vivo and in vitro.ResultsIn vivo, GR activation markedly reduced the size of Schistosoma egg granulomas and substantially repressed the transcription of key Th2-related cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. In vitro, GR activation inhibited the transcription of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, as well as the secretion of IL-4 in Th2 cells. An integrated analysis of RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing revealed that GR activation downregulated the expression of two major transcription factors, Gata3 and Pparg, which were elevated in infected mouse livers and Th2 cells but decreased following dexamethasone treatment.ConclusionGR activation may suppress the Th2 immune response triggered by egg antigens by downregulating the expression of the key transcription factors Gata3 and Pparg. While these findings provide insights into a potential complementary therapeutic strategy, further research is necessary to assess the feasibility and safety of targeting GR activation for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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