Non-noble metal-based heteroatom compounds demonstrate excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the origin of this activity, driven by structure evolution effects, remains unclear due to the lack of effective in situ/operando techniques. Herein, we employ the operando quick-scan x-ray absorption fine structure (Q-XAFS) technique coupled with in situ controlled electrochemical potential to establish a structure-activity correlation of the OER catalyst. Using Ni-Fe bimetallic phosphides as a model catalyst, operando Q-XAFS experiments reveal that the structural transformation initiates at the preferential oxidation of Fe sites over Ni sites. The in situ–generated O-Fe-P structure serves as the origin of the enhanced electrocatalytic OER activity of the catalyst, a finding supported by theoretical calculations. This work provides crucial insights into understanding the reaction mechanism of the state-of-the-art Ni-Fe–based OER electrocatalysts, thus advancing the rational design of more efficient OER electrocatalysts.

• Book : 11(10)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : 111(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

ABSTRACTBackgroundNational social determinant of health (SDoH) studies on gastrointestinal cancers (GIC) have observed single GIC‐types for surgery but not across all GIC‐types, non‐surgical treatments outcomes, or mortality. The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), a validated large‐data SDoH‐tool, quantifiably characterizes the interrelatedness of SDoH‐impact through dynamic, region‐contextualized measures.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study assessed GIC patients (20+ years) between 2013 and 2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for total and subcomponent social vulnerability associations across 15 SDoH‐variables encompassing themes of socioeconomic status, minority‐language status, household composition, and housing‐transportation measured by the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). These are measured and contextualized from all US counties. Univariate logistic and linear regressions of these vulnerability associations with treatment receipt (chemotherapy, radiation, primary surgery) and survival were performed for the entire cohort and across race/ethnicity strata.ResultsWith increasing overall social vulnerability, 287,248 patients (162,387 [56.5%] male; 185,250 [64.6%] white) demonstrated decreased receipt of chemotherapy (lowest, pancreas‐OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.88–0.93), radiotherapy (hepatic‐OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85–0.89) and surgery (esophagus‐OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.87–0.92) for 13/14, 10/14, and 8/14 GIC‐types, respectively. Survival period decreases upwards of 21.3% (biliary tract: 6.9–5.4 months) were observed across 7/14 GICs. Treatment receipt and survival decreases were exacerbated for non‐White patients for 9/14 GICs. Socioeconomic status, minority‐language, household composition, and housing‐transportation vulnerabilities differentially contributed to these trends.DiscussionSocial vulnerability was associated with worse prognostic and treatment disparities, with certain SDoH‐types differentially contributing to these detrimental trends per GIC‐type while associations were exacerbated among non‐White race/ethnic patients. These real‐world contexts present actionable targets for further initiatives to combat GIC disparities.

• Book : 14(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

In this research, nineteen (19) samples were collected and analyzed with the following objectives: to evaluate the activity concentration of radionuclides, assess gamma absorption, determine indoor radon concentration, and evaluate the public health impact of building materials used in Katsina State, Nigeria. The study aimed to provide critical data that would inform safe construction practices and regulatory compliance. Samples were sourced locally from various quarry sites, while materials such as cement, paint, tiles, and ceiling materials were purchased from local markets. The methodology involved measuring radionuclide activity concentrations using gamma-ray spectroscopy with a Thallium-doped Sodium Iodide (NaI (Tl)) detector, a highly sensitive method suitable for detecting gamma emissions from radionuclides. Radon gas was identified as the primary radiation source. Results revealed varying activity concentrations of radionuclides across different building materials. Most samples, except for Gravel, Brown Clay (Zone A and C), Kaolin, and Fired Clay Bricks, were below the recommended limits for radionuclide. Similarly, for , except for Cement and Thatch, samples were generally below the average value of 35 Bq/kg. However, several samples including Gravel, Paint, Brown Clay (Zones A, B, C), Thatch, Mud Clay, Laterite, Neem tree, Limestone, Fired Clay Bricks, and Gypsum exceeded the average value of 30 Bq/kg for . The overall average activity concentrations across samples were : 232.421, : 11.791, and : 51.1858 all in Bq/kg. The average Radium equivalent and Gamma index was 113.8 Bq/kg and 0.22, respectively, with an alpha index of 0.11. The external and internal hazard indexes averaged 0.2292 and 0.3102, indicating that these materials pose no significant radiological health risk when used in construction, as all values are below international guidelines of 370 Bq/kg and 1 mSv/y. This study concludes with a recommendation for public awareness on the effects of radiation and the need for continued monitoring and regulation of radiation exposure. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to public health and safety, supporting regulatory compliance and helping to prevent potential health risks associated with construction materials.

• Book : 20(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.e0318497-e0318497
• Keyword :

We present a comprehensive NLO pQCD study on inclusive dijet photoproduction in ultraperipheral nucleus-nucleus collisions (UPCs). Our analysis takes into account the finite size of both the photon-emitting and the target nucleus, estimated using the Wood-Saxon nuclear density profile. We show that a significant part of the measured dijets at large z_\gamma in UPC Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV come from events with relatively small impact parameters of the order of a few nuclear radii, and the cross section predictions thus become sensitive to the modelling of the collision geometry and photon flux near the source nucleus. In addition, we include the modelling of electromagnetic breakup survival factor needed for a direct comparison with the experimental data and study the resolution power of this process in terms of the impact-parameter dependent nuclear parton distribution functions.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic (CDCA) bile acids in a rat model of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).MethodsThe study included six groups of Wistar rats exposed to different pretreatments. The control and endotoxin groups were pretreated with propylene glycol, a solvent for bile acids, while the other groups received UDCA or CDCA for 10 days. On the 10th day, an endotoxin injection was given to evaluate the impact of these pretreatments. Lung tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, targeting the pro-inflammatory marker nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), the anti-apoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), pro-apoptotic markers BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and caspase 3, as well as the aquaporins 1 and 5 (AQP1 and AQP5). Oxidative stress was assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).Results and discussionThis study demonstrates that UDCA and CDCA can mitigate endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats. These effects are achieved through modulation of AQP1 and AQP5 expression, reduction of oxidative stress, regulation of apoptotic pathways (BAX, caspase 3, BCL-2), and attenuation of pro-inflammatory activity of NF-κB. Although the results indicate a significant association between the expression of these proteins and histopathological changes, the potential influence of additional factors cannot be excluded. These findings suggest that UDCA and CDCA provide lung protection by acting through complex mechanisms involving inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic pathways.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Once, discreet circuit elements, called components, were heaped up on boards inside steel cages using wire-lead technology in just five short years. Fast forward to today, and your computer CPU fits about half an inch square on a chip. Both this constant miniaturization of electronic circuits and the rapid growth in the prevalence of third-party intellectual property parts have made hardware protection more worrisome than ever.Among all these issues, Hardware Trojans (HTs)—which represent corrupted or harmful additions during various design and fabrication stages—pose significant threats to system integrity, privacy of data, and essential infrastructure. Recent studies have investigated machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques designed to enable Hardware Trojans to be found, located, and eliminated in all stages from the register transfer level (RTL) and beyond.This survey gives an in-depth look at how AI can enhance RTL security. It classifies these AI-based techniques into four main categories:Graph-Based Techniques:GNNs, for instance, can be used to estimate the topology of circuits, extract structural characteristics, and thus find where some corruption has occurred.The SALTY framework applies Jumping-Knowledge GNNs to improve the accuracy location for hardware Trojans.Deep Learning in Side-Channel and Power-Analysis Techniques:Deep learning methods—such as Siamese Neural Networks (SNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models—have been developed to detect abnormalities brought about by Trojans in power consumption or electromagnetic (EM) radiation, granting non-invasive practices clear security benefits.Studies show that these techniques are superior to the traditional golden-model side-channel detection techniques.Machine Learning Analysis of RTL Code:In conjunction with AI, research teams are now building nearest-neighbor classifiers and decision trees and using reinforcement learning (RL) to recognize occurrences of Trojans inside RTL code.Some research uses Verilog/VHDL conditional statements as features for ML, making it possible for early warning signals to be effectively detected and introducing a proactive security mechanism during the design phase.Comprehensive Security Measures and Logic Locking:A step-by-step methodology has evolved for prevention measures such as logic locking and layout hardening, which aims against a splendid prospect within reach.The TroLLoc framework uses logic obfuscation combined with security-aware placement and routing, thus mitigating security exposures post-design.However, comprehensive studies point out several outstanding problems: key recovery attacks and unintended data leakage related to security in logic locking.In this way, the paper evaluates various AI-driven security strategies in an organized, facilitative manner, thereby highlighting significant challenges and proposing future research directions.

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Microbial contamination of chronic wounds complicates their treatment. Traditional knowledge systems and the diversity of indigenous medicinal plants create a haven for traditional medicine practices in South Africa (SA). This systematic review aims to present a comprehensive ethnobotanical report of traditional medicines used in the documented empirical wound healing studies in SA. Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline EBSCOhost, Science Direct, and Scopus were sourced using the keywords/terminologies “South Africa”, “medicinal plants”, “traditional medicine” “indigenous”, “skin”, “wound”, “ethnobotany”, “survey”, “interview”, and “treatment” in different combinations. Relevant and unpublished records were retrieved from the Global Electronic Thesis Database. The searching process identified 32,419 records, of which 4005 studies were screened. Following the removal of 1795 duplicates, the remaining 2210 sources were screened by title and abstract, and 133 full-text reports were accessed and evaluated. Plants traditionally used for wound-healing purposes comprised 222 species belonging to 71 families, namely Asteraceae (predominantly the Helichrysum species), Asphodelaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Plant organs used for medicinal remedies included leaves, roots, and bark prepared as poultices, infusions, decoctions, gel/ointments/lotions, and pastes. This review provides a valuable reference for future phytochemical and pharmacological studies and highlights the need for further ethnobotanical research to treat wounds in SA.

• Book : 14(5)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.818-818
• Keyword :

Abstract Background The double uncrossed patellar tendon is a rare anatomical variant of the patellar tendon. This case report serves to underscore the importance of recognizing the double uncrossed patellar tendon variant, as it can mimic other knee pathologies, leading to potential misdiagnosis and unnecessary interventions. Case presentation We report three cases of the uncrossed double patellar tendon encountered on knee MRIs in the last 12 months. All three cases were confirmed to be incidental findings in patients with underlying knee complaints, for which they underwent conservative and interventional treatments and had near complete to complete recoveries. Conclusion The presence of the double patellar tendon did not have an identifiable detrimental effect in the cases of interest, but we believe more research is needed to further understand the clinical implications and prevalence of this anatomical anomaly to help in differentiating between congenital findings and acquired patellar tendon pathologies.

• Book : 56(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : 1075()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.170370-170370
• Keyword :