Background

Thyroid eye disease (TED), particularly its sight‐threatening complication, dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), profoundly impacts patients' visual health. The pathological changes in the white matter (WM) fibers within the intracranial visual pathway in TED have been infrequently studied. Understanding these changes holds crucial importance for exploring the pathogenesis and prognosis of TED.

Purpose

To utilize fixel‐based analysis (FBA) to clarify the type of microstructural damage occurring in the visual pathway in TED.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

28 TED with DON patients (11 males and 17 females), 28 TED without DON (non‐DON) patients (12 males and 16 females), and 28 healthy controls (HCs) (12 males and 16 females).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T; multishell diffusion MRI using echo planar imaging.

Assessment

Fiber density (FD) and fiber‐bundle cross‐section (FC) were calculated to characterize WM microstructural alteration in TED visual pathway. The correlations between FBA metrics and visual field index and mean deviation were examined.

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, t‐tests, Mann-Whitney U, Chi‐square, and Pearson correlation, were conducted with false discovery rate and family wise error corrections. Significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Both DON and non‐DON groups showed significant FD loss in the right optic tract compared with HCs, with DON patients experiencing more severe FD loss. Only DON patients had FD loss in the right optic radiation (OR) compared with the non‐DON patients and HCs, with no FC difference across groups. FD in DON patients' ORs significantly correlated with visual field index (r = 0.857) and mean deviation (r = 0.751).

Data Conclusion

Both DON and non‐DON affect the WM microstructure of the visual pathway to varying extents. Visual field metrics can reflect the severity of FD damage to the OR in the visual pathway of DON patients.

Evidence Level

2.

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3.

• Book : 61(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.337-346
• Keyword :

• Book : 61(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.450-451
• Keyword :

ABSTRACT

Background

Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy is commonly used as an adjunct or alternative to surgery for treating head and neck cancer (HNC). In rare cases, radiation‐induced side effects such as posterior pharyngeal wall necrosis, fistula formation, and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) can lead to dangerous complications of the cervical spine (C‐spine).

Methods

We conducted a literature review on C‐spine ORN in HNC, and we reported four additional cases following the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Results

We identified 26 reported cases of C‐spine ORN following radiation for HNC. Of the four cases from our institution, two were treated with surgical management and two with conservative measures. Two patients were able to resume oral intake. The median time to diagnosis was 121.5 (range: 22-194) months after completion of radiation.

Conclusion

Late complications of radiation can be devastating, severely limiting functional status and quality of life. C‐spine ORN is related to total radiation dose and should be discussed with patients as a rare but serious side‐effect.

• Book : 47(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Background

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) can change management in a large fraction of patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR).

Purpose

To investigate the added value of PET to MRI and CT for this patient group, and to explore whether the choice of the PET paired modality (PET/MRI vs. PET/CT) impacts detection rates and clinical management.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Subjects

41 patients with BCR (median age [range]: 68 [55-78]).

Field Strength/Sequence

3T, including T1‐weighted gradient echo (GRE), T2‐weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced GRE sequences, diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging, and a T1‐weighted TSE spine sequence. In addition to MRI, [¹⁸F]PSMA‐1007 PET and low‐dose CT were acquired on the same day.

Assessment

Images were reported using a five‐point Likert scale by two teams each consisting of a radiologist and a nuclear medicine physician. The radiologist performed a reading using CT and MRI data and a joint reading between radiologist and nuclear medicine physician was performed using MRI, CT, and PET from either PET/MRI or PET/CT.

Findings were presented to an oncologist to create intended treatment plans. Intrareader and interreader agreement analysis was performed.

Statistical Tests

McNemar test, Cohen's κ, and intraclass correlation coefficients. A P‐value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

7 patients had positive findings on MRI and CT, 22 patients on joint reading with PET/CT, and 18 patients joint reading with PET/MRI. For overall positivity, interreader agreement was poor for MR and CT (κ = 0.36) and almost perfect with addition of PET (PET/CT κ = 0.85, PET/MRI κ = 0.85). The addition of PET from PET/CT and PET/MRI changed intended treatment in 20 and 18 patients, respectively. Between joint readings, intended treatment was different for eight patients.

Data Conclusion

The addition of [¹⁸F]PSMA‐1007 PET/MRI or PET/CT to MRI and CT may increase detection rates, could reduce interreader variability, and may change intended treatment in half of patients with BCR.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3

• Book : 61(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.466-477
• Keyword :

Abstract

BACKGROUND

One‐stage hydroconversion of fatty‐acid based feedstocks is a promising way to obtain high‐quality fuels. This process is based on hydrodeoxygenation, isomerization and hydrocracking reactions. In this work, Ni2P/Al2O3‐zeolite catalysts were synthesized and tested in hydroconversion of a model compound - methyl palmitate.

RESULTS

Ni2P catalysts were prepared by in situ phosphidation of metallic Ni/Al2O3‐zeolite precursors by PPh3. Mixtures of zeolite (30 wt%) and boehmite were peptized and extruded to obtain the support granules. SAPO‐11, ZSM‐5, ZSM‐22, ZSM‐23 and ZSM‐12 were used as a zeolite component. The catalysts and supports were characterized by a range of physicochemical methods: chemical analysis (ICP‐AES), low‐temperature N2 adsorption, H2‐temperature programmed reduction, NH3‐temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ²⁷Al and ³¹P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The catalysts were studied in methyl palmitate hydroconversion (one‐stage hydrodeoxygenation‐isomerization‐hydrocracking) in a continuous‐flow fixed bed reactor at 290-340 °C, 2 MPa, H2/feed = 600 Ncm³/cm³ and LHSV = 5.3 h⁻¹. SAPO‐11 containing sample showed high selectivity to C15 and C16 iso‐alkanes (63%, at 340 °C), and all ZSM‐containing samples showed high selectivity to cracked C5-C9 products (55-100%, at 340 °C) with varying amounts of iso‐alkanes (31-57%, at 340 °C).

CONCLUSION

The results show that by choosing the zeolite component of the catalyst it is possible to finely tune product quality in the range from low‐temperature diesel fuel to jet fuel or gasoline. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

• Book : 100(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.215-230
• Keyword :

In recent years, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a promising imaging technique depicting high sensitivity and spatial resolution. It originated in the early 2000s where it proposed a new approach to challenge the low spatial resolution achieved by using relaxometry in order to measure the magnetic fields. MPI presents 2D and 3D images with high temporal resolution, non‐ionizing radiation, and optimal visual contrast due to its lack of background tissue signal. Traditionally, the images were reconstructed by the conversion of signal from the induced voltage by generating system matrix and X‐space based methods. Because image reconstruction and analyses play an integral role in obtaining precise information from MPI signals, newer artificial intelligence‐based methods are continuously being researched and developed upon. In this work, we summarize and review the significance and employment of machine learning and deep learning models for applications with MPI and the potential they hold for the future.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1

• Book : 61(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.42-51
• Keyword :

Objectives

There is currently no reference standard test for the detection of the extra‐esophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The current suite of diagnostic tests principally assesses reflux events in the esophagus. A new scintigraphic technique has been developed and validated against reference standards. It allows direct visualization of refluxate in the laryngopharynx and lungs.

Methods

Fifty patients were assessed by scintigraphy before and after fundoplication at a single nuclear medicine facility. Standardized reflux symptom indices (RSIs) were obtained from each patient before and after surgery. Patients were scanned after oral 99 m technetium Fyton administration with early dynamic images and delayed SPECT/CT images of the head, neck, and lungs. ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and the Student's t‐test were utilized for analysis.

Results

The study population (35F, 15 M) had a mean age of 63.9 years. Mean BMI was 26.8 with 67% being overweight or obese. All patients had significant reflux. SPECT/CT showed LPR events in 45/50 and pulmonary micro‐aspiration (PMA) in 45/50 preoperatively and in 36/50 and 20/50 postoperatively, respectively. The RSI, cough, and throat clearing indices showed a significant fall postoperatively (p < 0.001). Frequency of scintigraphic reflux events was reduced from a mean of 4.5 in 30 min to 2.9 (t = 9.1, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The novel scintigraphic test detects esophageal and extra‐esophageal reflux events and permits direct visualization of refluxate in the head and neck structures and lungs. It correlates well with symptoms of reflux in the esophagus and extra‐esophageal structures and the response to therapy.

Level of Evidence

Although prospective, the study did not randomize patients and in effect each patient became their own control following an intervention (fundoplication). Thus, the study is Level 3 evidence Laryngoscope, 135:73-79, 2025

• Book : 135(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.73-79
• Keyword :

• Book : 47(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.412-413
• Keyword :

• Book : 47(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.288-304
• Keyword :

Sensorineural hearing loss is typically caused by dysfunction of the inner ear or auditory nerve. In pediatric patients diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss, work‐up often includes genetic testing and imaging studies of the auditory pathway. Here, we report a case of a pediatric patient with a history of sensorineural hearing loss following cisplatin and radiation therapy for brainstem medulloblastoma, developing symptoms and signs of central hearing loss based on audiometric and MRI/diffusion tensor imaging studies. Though rare, central hearing loss should be considered among the causes of sensorineural hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope, 135:452-456, 2025

• Book : 135(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.452-456
• Keyword :