All 3,276,413 Page 5/327,642
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2025
Abstract
Chest imaging in children presents unique challenges due to varying requirements across age groups. For chest radiographs, achieving optimal images often involves careful positioning and immobilisation techniques. Antero-posterior projections are easier to obtain in younger children, while lateral decubitus radiographs are sometimes used when expiratory images are difficult to obtain and for free air exclusion. Chest CT protocols should be age-dependent to minimise radiation exposure and motion artefacts. MRI is primarily used in specialised centres to reduce radiation exposure, requiring specific expertise and sedation in younger children. Respiratory distress syndrome is a leading cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, diagnosed through characteristic radiographic findings and a history of prematurity. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common complication of extreme preterm birth and chronic oxygen therapy; imaging is used for predicting outcomes for the assessment of severe cases. Transient tachypnoea of the newborn and meconium aspiration syndrome are common in term infants, with specific imaging characteristics aiding in their differentiation. Congenital lung malformations present diagnostic and management challenges, with imaging playing a crucial role in diagnosis and surgical planning. Finally, imaging is essential in detecting complications from pneumonia in children, such as empyema and necrotic pneumonia, or in identifying foreign object aspiration.
Clinical relevance statement
This review summarises current radiology practice of paediatric chest pathologies, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and management of neonatal and congenital pulmonary conditions and pneumonia complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes through precise imaging interpretation and targeted clinical intervention.
Key Points
Chest radiographs should be systematically assessed for pathology.
Ensure accurate differential diagnosis of neonatal lung diseases by collecting information on gestational age, method of delivery, presenting symptoms, ventilation type, and fetal ultrasound findings.
Radiographs and ultrasound are initial diagnostic tools for paediatric pulmonary disease; CT should be reserved for complex cases. Referral to paediatric hospital should be considered when the use of chest MRI is indicated.
- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
This study aims to determine the most suitable location for establishing solar power stations in the Sebha region using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It focuses on integrating geographic and climatic data and applying specific criteria to evaluate the spatial suitability for these stations. The study aims to leverage the region's natural potential by utilizing solar radiation and guiding decision-makers towards optimal sites that offer economic and environmental efficiency. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach and applied several criteria in the analysis, such as solar radiation, slope degree, proximity to transportation and energy networks, and distance from urban areas. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method was also applied within the GIS environment to assess suitable areas. The results showed that climatic factors, such as solar radiation, temperature, and wind, play a crucial role in determining site suitability for solar power stations. The study utilized a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the region to produce maps using Spatial Analyst tools within the Arc Map 10.8 package, along with land use maps to create a spatial suitability map. The spatial suitability results for establishing a solar power station indicated that highly suitable areas constitute about 60% of the total studied area, while moderately suitable areas represent around 22%, and areas with low suitability cover approximately 18% of the total area. These findings support efforts to diversify energy sources and establish a scientifically-based database that promotes renewable energy use and sustainable development in the region.- Book : 14(FICTS-2024)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.36-54
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2025
MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) is novel treatment modality in Radiation Oncology that could allow a higher precision and tolerability of Radiation Treatments. This modality is possible due to dedicated systems consisting of a MR scanner mounted on a conventional linac and software that permit daily online treatment plan adaptation. Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies in RO clinical practice and currently under investigation with this new technology. The focus of this review is to describe the current state of the art and clinical results of MRgRT in the treatment of PC. The available technology are briefly described, as well as the published literature and possible future applications - Book : 24()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractGlioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor characterized by a dismal prognosis and a profound therapy resistance that is most evident for the mesenchymal molecular subtype of glioblastoma. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A by the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, despite failing to improve survival in randomized trials, yields relevant benefits in glioblastoma patients such as reduction of radionecrosis, an adverse event associated with radiotherapy. This demands for continued research to identify optimal combinations of anti‐VEGF‐A and standard therapies for glioblastoma treatment. We show here that blocking VEGF‐A in an immune competent orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model resembling the adverse mesenchymal molecular subtype increases the tumoricidal effect of computed tomography (CT)‐based fractionated radiotherapy and also rectifies irradiation‐induced expression of genes with known association to mesenchymal subtype enrichment as revealed by microarray‐based transcriptome analyses of explanted tumors. VEGF‐A blockade also decreases the expression of myeloid‐cell‐related gene patterns in irradiated tumors and lowers inflammatory response in normal brain tissue after tumor irradiation. Hence, these data both provide a hint how blockade of VEGF‐A increases the effect of radiotherapy in mesenchymal glioblastoma and a mechanistic base for clinical observations reporting reduced incidences of radionecrosis in glioblastoma patients treated with radiotherapy upon concurrent administration of bevacizumab.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractMultidrug-resistantStaphylococcus aureusis a major global health threat, with the VraTSR three-component system playing a key role in sensing and conferring resistance to cell-wall active antibiotics, particularly vancomycin. VraTSR comprises the membrane histidine kinase VraS, the cytoplasmic response regulator VraR, and the uncharacterized membrane protein VraT, which regulate the cell wall stress stimulon. However, the molecular signals sensed by VraTSR remain unknown. To elucidate the activation mechanism of this regulatory system, we investigated interactions with β-lactams and glycopeptides. Using a transcriptional reporter strain, we confirmed VraTSR activation by β-lactams, glycopeptides, a vancomycin-derived photoprobe (VPP), and the previously unreported activators A47934 and moenomycin A. Photo-crosslinking assays with VPP and full-length VraS expressed in membranes revealed a direct interaction with vancomycin, which was further confirmed in purified VraS reconstituted in liposomes. VPP binding was concentration-dependent, saturable, and displaced by vancomycin. Saturation transfer difference (STD) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments confirmed vancomycin binding to VraS and demonstrated ampicillin interaction, highlighting the involvement of aryl protons from both antibiotics. These findings establish VraS as a receptor for vancomycin and ampicillin. In contrast, assays with membrane vesicles expressing only VraT or co-expressing VraS/VraT did not show covalent adduct formation between VraT and VPP. While VraT’s exact role remains unclear, its participation in antibiotic sensing or signal transduction cannot yet be excluded. These results demonstrate that vancomycin and ampicillin directly activate VraS, providing critical insights into the activation of the cell wall stress stimulon and the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance. Disrupting VraTSR signaling is a promising strategy to combat multidrug resistance inS. aureus,and we provide invaluablein vitroplatforms for identifying potential VraS inhibitors.Author SummaryMultidrug-resistantStaphylococcus aureusposes a major global health threat due to its resistance to cell-wall active antibiotics. Our study focuses on the VraTSR three-component system, a key regulator of the cell wall stress response inS. aureus, whose activation signals have remained unknown.We demonstrate that VraS, the membrane histidine kinase of the system, acts as a direct receptor for vancomycin and ampicillin—two structurally distinct antibiotics. These findings uncover the activation mechanism of VraTSR and position VraS as a central player in antibiotic sensing and resistance.By identifying VraS as a direct antibiotic receptor, we provide a promising target for developing inhibitors to disrupt VraTSR signaling and restore antibiotic efficacy. Additionally, thein vitroplatforms we established enable the identification and testing of potential VraS inhibitors.This study highlights the importance of understanding bacterial stress-response pathways to combat antibiotic resistance, offering critical insights for developing new therapeutic strategies against multidrug-resistantS. aureus, a growing global health challenge.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
AbstractThe Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) are pivotal assets in aerial operations, necessitating specialised protection measures, and serving as prime targets for enemy anti‐radiation missiles (ARMs). This paper explores approaches to enhance the battlefield survivability of frequency diverse array AWACS (FDA‐AWACS) by incorporating airborne radar technology onto the platform. The study commences by analysing the typical operational methods of anti‐radiation missiles. Following this, a deception model is formulated for the frequency diverse array (FDA) against the passive radar homing head of anti‐radiation missiles utilising the adjacent antenna single‐pulse amplitude‐comparison direction‐finding technique. Expanding on this groundwork, the research further assesses the deceptive impacts of FDA‐AWACS on direction finding cross‐location techniques. Simulation results validate that FDA‐AWACS can effectively counter the threat of anti‐radiation missiles by diminishing their direction‐finding and positioning systems.- Book : 19(1)
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : 42()
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.101880-101880
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2025
The yield of photovoltaic hydrogen production systems is influenced by a number of factors, including weather conditions, the cleanliness of photovoltaic modules, and operational efficiency. Temporal variations in weather conditions have been shown to significantly impact the output of photovoltaic systems, thereby influencing hydrogen production. To address the inaccuracies in hydrogen production capacity predictions due to weather-related temporal variations in different regions, this study develops a method for predicting photovoltaic hydrogen production capacity using the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model. The proposed method integrates meteorological parameters, including temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and humidity into a neural network model to estimate the daily solar radiation intensity. This approach is then integrated with a photovoltaic hydrogen production prediction model to estimate the region’s hydrogen production capacity. To validate the accuracy and feasibility of this method, meteorological data from Lanzhou, China, from 2013 to 2022 were used to train the model and test its performance. The results show that the predicted hydrogen production agrees well with the actual values, with a low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and a high coefficient of determination (R2). The predicted hydrogen production in winter has a MAPE of 0.55% and an R2 of 0.985, while the predicted hydrogen production in summer has a slightly higher MAPE of 0.61% and a lower R2 of 0.968, due to higher irradiance levels and weather fluctuations. The present model captures long-term dependencies in the time series data, significantly improving prediction accuracy compared to conventional methods. This approach offers a cost-effective and practical solution for predicting photovoltaic hydrogen production, demonstrating significant potential for the optimization of the operation of photovoltaic hydrogen production systems in diverse environments.- Book : 18(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.543-543
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2025
The cement-based materials widely used in infrastructure construction, such as bridges and ports, are subjected to seawater erosion and medium erosion during their service life, and their durability has always been a concern. The diffusion coefficient of chloride ions is an important indicator in the research of cement-based materials’ durability, and the pore structure is one of the most fundamental reasons affecting the diffusion behavior of chloride ions. In this paper, Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Nitrogen adsorption method (NAD) were used to analyze the pore structures of mortars with different volume fractions of sands. The relationship between mortar pore structure and chloride ion diffusion coefficient was established to predict its chloride ion diffusion coefficient. It may provide a new idea for studying the durability of cement-based materials. Results indicated that similar to cement paste, the pore structure of mortar satisfied the fractal characteristics of solid phase within a certain range of pores. The most probable gel pore diameter of mortars with different sand volume fractions was about 4 nm, while the most probable capillary pore diameter was approximately 46 nm, and the critical pore diameter was ranging from 50 to 60 nm. MIP results indicated that with the increase in sand volume fraction (ϕagg), the total porosity (fmip) of the mortar decreased, satisfying the relationship of fmip = 0.1859 − 0.0789ϕagg. However, the porosity of the matrix (fbase) increased with the increase in sand volume fraction, which was due to the introduction of more interfaces by the addition of aggregates. The effective chloride ion diffusion coefficient (Dcp,base) of the matrix can be obtained by fitting. Based on this, the interface transition zone (ITZ) and the cement matrix were comprehensively considered as a whole fractal phase. The predicted value of the chloride ion diffusion coefficient obtained by the Mori–Tanaka homogenization method was in good agreement with the results obtained from rapid chloride migration (RCM) experiments, and the maximum error between the simulated and experimental values did not exceed 11%. This finding can provide new ideas for accurately predicting the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of mortar and even concrete.- Book : 15(3)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.383-383
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2025
AbstractMandibles represent a key evolutionary innovation that enabled jawed vertebrates to adapt and diversify in response to a range of food sources. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we explore the phenotypic disparity and mechanical properties of the lower jaw in Pelagiaria, a morphologically diverse but relatively small clade of open-ocean fishes which are hypothesized to have radiated near the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction event. We found that body elongation and diet are not significantly correlated with jaw shape, but that habitat depth and tooth type are. Mechanical advantage (MA) is significantly correlated with mandible shape, with jaw-closing MA being most strongly correlated. Pelagiarian jaw shapes fall broadly into six morphotypes, of which two show significantly higher closing MA than other groups, despite differing substantially in shape. The high morphological disparity of pelagiarian mandible shape was established very early in their evolutionary history, and high levels of disparity have been maintained over tens of millions of years; this is consistent with the hypothesis that Pelagiaria represents an ancient adaptive radiation. Our results demonstrate both the mechanical and morphological diversity of the pelagiarian mandible and highlight the crucial role that morphological diversification has played in the trophic radiation of this clade.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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