White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a new generation of light sources that are used in solid-state lighting and information display devices. They generate less thermal radiation than incandescent and fluorescent lamps. Phosphor light-emiting diodes (PC-LEDs), which are based on this technology, have high luminous efficiency and energy efficiency; they are compact and havу a long service life. LED materials are subject to such requirements asenvironmental friendliness, transparency of the radiation source used in the excitation process, and color rendering efficiency. For use in LEDs, it is necessary to investigate optical properties of inorganic materials that are doped not only with rare earth elements (due to their high cost) but also with transition metal ions such as Mn2+. This review summarizes and analyses information on the synthesis, structure, and photoluminescent properties of borates MMeBO3, where M = Li, Na, K; Me = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn doped with Mn2+ and Bi3+ and co-doped with rare earth metals (Ce3+, Eu3+). Impurity ions of activators, when introduced into a compound's lattice, become the main luminescent centers of phosphors. Processes of energy transfer from the sensitizer to the activator and their mechanisms are discussed. The dependence on the size and morphology of particles of the materials' luminescence efficiency is discussed. The possibility of using borates as matrices for phosphors emitting red light is shown, along with their tunable luminescence for use in white LEDs and autoemission displays.

• Book : 12(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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ABSTRACT Cellular adaptations to change often involve post-translational modifications of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. An example found in protists and plants is the modification of serine and threonine residues of dozens to hundreds of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with a single fucose (O-fucose). A nucleocytoplasmic O-fucosyltransferase occurs in the pathogen Toxoplasma gondii , the social amoeba Dictyostelium , and higher plants, where it is called Spy because mutants have a spindly appearance. O-fucosylation, which is required for optimal proliferation of Toxoplasma and Dictyostelium , is paralogous to the O-GlcNAcylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins of plants and animals that are involved in stress and nutritional responses. O-fucose was first discovered in Toxoplasma using Aleuria aurantia lectin, but its broad specificity for terminal fucose residues on N- and O-linked glycans in the secretory pathway limits its use. Here we present affinity-purified rabbit antisera that are selective for the detection and enrichment of proteins bearing fucose-O-Ser or fucose-O-Thr. These antibodies detect numerous nucleocytoplasmic proteins in Toxoplasma, Dictyostelium , and Arabidopsis , as well as O-fucose occurring on secretory proteins of Dictyostelium and mammalian cells except when blocked by further glycosylation. The antibodies label Toxoplasma , Acanthamoeba , and Dictyostelium in a pattern reminiscent of O-GlcNAc in animal cells including nuclear pores. The O-fucome of Dictyostelium is partially conserved with that of Toxoplasma and is highly induced during starvation-induced development. These antisera demonstrate the unique antigenicity of O-fucose, document the conservation of the O-fucome among unrelated protists, and enable the study of the O-fucomes of other organisms possessing O-fucosyltransferase-like genes. IMPORTANCE O-fucose (O-Fuc), a form of mono-glycosylation on serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins of some parasites, other unicellular eukaryotes, and plants, is understudied because it is difficult to detect owing to its neutral charge and lability during mass spectrometry. Yet, the O-fucosyltransferase enzyme (OFT) is required for optimal growth of the agent for toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii , and an unrelated protist, the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum . Furthermore, O-fucosylation is closely related to the analogous process of O-GlcNAcylation of thousands of proteins of animal cells, where it plays a central role in stress and nutritional responses. O-Fuc is currently best detected using Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), but in most organisms, AAL also recognizes a multitude of proteins in the secretory pathway that are modified with fucose in different ways. By establishing the potential to induce highly specific rabbit antisera that discriminate O-Fuc from all other forms of protein fucosylation, this study expands knowledge about the protist O-fucome and opens a gateway to explore the potential occurrence and roles of this intriguing posttranslational modification in bacteria and other protist pathogens such as Acanthamoeba castellanii .

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a novel cancer treatment that combines radiotherapy and immunotherapy to precisely target tumor antigens using monoclonal antibodies conjugated with radioactive isotopes. This approach offers personalized, systemic, and durable treatment, making it effective in cancers resistant to conventional therapies. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) present opportunities to enhance RIT by improving precision, efficiency, and personalization. AI plays a critical role in patient selection, treatment planning, dosimetry, and response assessment, while also contributing to drug design and tumor classification. This review explores the integration of AI into RIT, emphasizing its potential to optimize the entire treatment process and advance personalized cancer care.

• Book : 15(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.397-397
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ABSTRACT IFI16 (interferon-γ-inducible protein 16) is an innate-immune DNA sensor that detects viral dsDNA in the nucleus. It also functions as an antiviral restriction factor, playing a crucial role in regulating the latency/lytic balance of several herpesviruses, including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We previously demonstrated that IFI16 achieves this by regulating the deposition of H3K9me3 marks on the KSHV genome. Here, we explored whether IFI16 impacts the KSHV latency/lytic balance through additional mechanisms. Our analysis of the IFI16 interactome revealed that IFI16 binds to the class-I HDACs, HDAC1 and HDAC2, and recruits them to the KSHV major latency protein, latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Previous reports have suggested that LANA undergoes lysine acetylation through unknown mechanisms, which results in the loss of its ability to bind to the KSHV transactivator protein (RTA) promoter. However, how the LANA acetylation-deacetylation cycle is orchestrated and what effect this has on KSHV gene expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that LANA, by default, undergoes post-translational acetylation, and during latency, IFI16 interacts with this acetylated LANA and recruits HDAC1/2 to it. This keeps LANA in a deacetylated form, competent in binding and repressing lytic promoters. However, during lytic reactivation, IFI16 is degraded via the proteasomal pathway, leading to the accumulation of acetylated LANA, which cannot bind to the RTA promoter. This results in the de-repression of the RTA and, subsequently, other lytic promoters, driving reactivation. These findings shed new light on the role of IFI16 in KSHV latency and suggest that KSHV utilizes the cellular IFI16-HDAC1/2 interaction to facilitate its latency. IMPORTANCE Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic γ-herpesviruses etiologically associated with several human malignancies, including Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion B-cell lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of latency in γ-herpesviruses is crucial because latency plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis and disease manifestation post-infection. Here, we have elucidated a new mechanism by which IFI16, a previously discovered antiviral restriction factor, is hijacked by KSHV to recruit class-I HDACs on latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), resulting in the latter’s deacetylation. The acetylation status of LANA is critical for KSHV latency because it governs LANA’s binding to the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) promoter, an immediate-early gene crucial for lytic reactivation. Depletion of IFI16 results in the accumulation of acetylated LANA, which is incapable of maintaining latency. These newly discovered interactions between IFI16 and LANA and between IFI16 and HDAC1/2 enhance our understanding of KSHV latency regulations.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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ABSTRACT Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising the majority of cases. Despite the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a significant number of patients fail to achieve a durable response, highlighting the need to understand the factors influencing treatment efficacy. Saliva samples and tumor samples were collected from 20 NSCLC patients. The salivary microbiota was profiled using metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and metabolites were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify correlations among bacteria, metabolites, and immunotherapy responses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of tissue samples verified the result. Besides, in vitro experiments and tumor tissue microarray, including 70 NSCLC patients, were utilized to further explore the potential mechanism linking the oral microbiome and immunotherapy efficacy. The study revealed several differential species and distinct metabolite compositions between responders and non-responders to ICI therapy in NSCLC and explored correlations and mechanisms between microbiota metabolites and immunotherapy resistance. Notably, it was found that several Neisseria and Actinomyces species were significantly enriched in responders and identified lipids and lipid-like molecules associated with PD-L1 expression levels and treatment outcomes. Importantly, several differential lipid molecules were associated with differential species. Further, in vitro experiments and IHC experiments indicated that abnormal fat metabolism linked to dysbiosis is correlated with immunotherapy resistance through regulation of CD8 + T cell activity/infiltration and PD-L1 expression. Specific saliva microbiome and its associated lipids metabolites are significantly associated with the efficacy of ICI-based therapy in lung cancer. Our findings suggest that oral microbiome modulation and targeting lipid metabolism could improve immunotherapy responses, offering new avenues for personalized treatment strategies. IMPORTANCE In non-small cell lung cancer, our study links specific salivary microbiome profiles and related lipid metabolites to the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies. Responders showed enrichment of certain Neisseria and Actinomyces species and distinct lipid compositions. These lipids correlate with PD-L1 expression and CD8 + T cell activity, affecting treatment outcomes. Our results imply that modulating the oral microbiome and targeting lipid metabolism may enhance ICI effectiveness, suggesting novel personalized therapeutic approaches.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Abstract Computed tomography (CT) is an instrument that is still widely used to diagnose and evaluate patient conditions from images produced by the CT scan process. CT scan images are formed from X-ray beams that penetrate the patient’s body and are captured by a detector and then displayed on a monitor screen. A fairly high dose of X-ray radiation is required to produce images with high resolution, good contrast, and low noise. However, this is contrary to the principles of ALARA, as low as reasonably achievable, and patient safety by using high-dose radiation. Various efforts to reduce the dose of X-ray radiation have been made. One of which is to use a low dose by operating the X-ray CT-scan machine at low voltage. Still, the consequence is that the resulting CT scan image has greater noise and lower spatial resolution compared to the image produced from the full radiation dose. This research measured spatial resolution by its modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise on open-source images taken at 25% dose by operating a 50-kV x-ray CT-scan machine on ACR phantom images using the IndoQCT application. The results are the noise of 25% dose images has an average of 86.71% greater and 41.96% lower spatial resolution than full-dose images. These results show that there are problems in using low-dose CT scans and open up opportunities to solve this problem by image reconstruction or image processing.

• Book : 2945(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.012013-012013
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Abstract Purpose Multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) have a widespread tissue distribution. They play an important role in drug disposition and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and have been associated with various diseases. PET with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) has been used to assess MRP1 function in the brain and lungs of mice. [11C]BMP crosses cellular membranes by passive diffusion followed by intracellular conjugation with glutathione and MRP1-mediated efflux of the radiolabelled glutathione-conjugate. In this study, we assessed the effect of the prototypical organic anion transporter inhibitor probenecid on the whole-body disposition of [11C]BMP to examine its suitability for measuring the function of MRP1 and possibly other MRP subtypes across multiple tissues. Methods Seven healthy volunteers (3 women, 4 men) underwent two dynamic whole-body PET scans on a long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT system after intravenous injection of [11C]BMP, without and with pre-treatment with a single oral dose of probenecid. Volumes of interest were outlined for several MRP-expressing tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, choroid plexus, retina, lungs, myocardium, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and liver). Tissue time-activity curves were corrected for the contribution of vascular radioactivity and the elimination rate constant (k E, h− 1) was calculated as a parameter for tissue MRP function. Results Radioactivity was primarily excreted into the urinary bladder and urinary clearance was significantly decreased after probenecid administration (− 50 ± 16%). Following probenecid administration, k E was significantly decreased in the kidneys (− 43 ± 20%), liver (− 18 ± 15%), myocardium (− 16 ± 12%), skeletal muscle (− 51 ± 34%), and retina (− 57 ± 29%, non-blood-corrected). Conclusion Our study highlights the great potential of LAFOV PET/CT to assess drug disposition and transporter-mediated DDIs in humans at a whole-body, multi-tissue level. Due to the slow elimination of [11C]BMP-derived radioactivity from the human brain, [11C]BMP appears unsuitable to measure cerebral MRP1 function in humans, but it may be used to assess the function of MRP1 and possibly other MRP subtypes in various peripheral tissues. Trial registration EudraCT 2021-006348-29. Registered 15 December 2021.

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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Two extensions of the variational method with explicit energy functionals (EEFs) with respect to the spin-orbit force were performed. In this method, the energy per nucleon of nuclear matter is explicitly expressed as a functional of various two-body distribution functions, starting from realistic nuclear forces. The energy was then minimized by solving the Euler–Lagrange equation for the distribution functions derived from the EEF. In the first extension, an EEF of symmetric nuclear matter at zero temperature was constructed using the two-body central, tensor, and spin-orbit nuclear forces. The energy per nucleon calculated using the Argonne v8’ two-body nuclear potential was found to be lower than those calculated using other many-body methods, implying that the energy contribution caused by the spin-orbit correlation, whose relative orbital angular momentum operator acts on other correlations, is necessary. In a subsequent extension, the EEF of neutron matter at zero temperature, including the spin-orbit force, was extended to neutron matter at finite temperatures using the method by Schmidt and Pandharipande. The thermodynamic quantities of neutron matter calculated using the Argonne v8’ nuclear potential were found to be reasonable and self-consistent.

• Book : 8(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.11-11
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• Pub. Date : 2025
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Using (2712±14)×106 ψ(2S) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for the decays ηc(2S)→ωω and ηc(2S)→ωϕ via the process ψ(2S)→γηc(2S). No statistically significant signals are observed. The upper limits of their product branching fractions at the 90% confidence level are determined to be B(ψ(2S)→γηc(2S),ηc(2S)→ωω)<1.04×10−6 and B(ψ(2S)→γηc(2S),ηc(2S)→ωϕ)<1.85×10−7, respectively. We also update the branching fractions of χcJ→ωω and χcJ→ωϕ via the ψ(2S)→γχcJ transition. Their branching fractions are determined to be B(χc0→ωω)=(10.66±0.11±0.57)×10−4, B(χc1→ωω)=(6.43±0.07±0.31)×10−4, B(χc2→ωω)=(8.75±0.08±0.42)×10−4, B(χc0→ωϕ)=(1.18±0.03±0.07)×10−4, B(χc1→ωϕ)=(2.04±0.15±0.11)×10−5, and B(χc2→ωϕ)=(9.58±1.07±0.76)×10−6, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

• Book : 111(3)
• Pub. Date : 2025
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