• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Abstract This study investigates the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs) resulting from extremely large amplitudes of initial fluctuations in a radiation-dominated universe. We find that, for a sufficiently large initial amplitude, the configuration of trapping horizons shows characteristic structure due to the existence of bifurcating trapping horizons. We call this type of configuration of the trapping horizons type B PBH, while the structure without a bifurcating trapping horizon type A PBH. As shown in ref. [1], in the matter-dominated universe, the type B PBH can be realized by the type II initial fluctuation, which is characterized by a non-monotonic areal radius as a function of the radial coordinate (throat structure) in contrast with the standard case, type A PBH with a monotonic areal radius (type I fluctuation). Our research reveals that a type II fluctuation does not necessarily result in a type B PBH in the radiation-dominated case. We also find that for an initial amplitude well above the threshold value, the resulting PBH mass may either increase or decrease with increasing the initial amplitude, depending on its specific profile rather than its fluctuation type.

• Book : 2025(01)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.003-003
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Homogeneity is an important factor for ensuring the structural stability of solidified radioactive waste, and the most effective approach for assessing its homogeneity is by performing compressive strength measurements using the minimum amount of coring specimens. The efficiency of detecting inhomogeneous waste is affected by the coring position and number of coring positions. However, no guidelines exist for coring solidified waste for compressive-strength tests. Therefore, this study compared uniform, random, and quasi-Monte Carlo sampling methods to determine the most effective core position. Further, the effects of different sampling amounts on the detection rate of inhomogeneous solidified waste were observed, and the detection rate of the inhomogeneous waste was obtained by modeling the coring procedure of solidified radioactive waste using MATLAB. Thus, a sampling method and a method for increasing the specimen amount, both of which can efficiently detect inhomogeneous waste during compressive strength tests, were presented in this paper. The results of this study can be applied as background data for developing homogeneity assessment guidelines for solidified radioactive waste.

• Book : 57(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-11
• Keyword :

There is an argument that the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA) should be applied to the milling process, which is the first stage of nuclear fuel cycle, to reduce the possibility of nuclear proliferation. Therefore, this study aims to propose new and conceptual safeguards applicable to milling facilities and design Nuclear Material Accountancy for its application. Mill tailings reach a secular equilibrium state. While approaching this equilibrium state, the ratio of each isotope changes. First, the Bateman equation was used to analyze this phenomenon and evaluate the feasibility of utilizing the specific isotope ratio to track undeclared nuclear activities.Second, the gamma spectrum analysis of mill tailings was conducted using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Code to validate undeclared nuclear activities. This study shows that the ratio of U-235/Th-234 and U-235/Pa-234m can estimate the production time within a year. Furthermore, gamma spectrum analysis of mill tailings revealed visible differences in the low-energy region due to the decay of Th-234. Finally, a conceptual Material Balance Area, Key Measurement Points, and Material Balance Period for milling facilities were designed to apply CSA. It is anticipated that applying CSA to milling facilities could enhance not only the nuclear fuel cycles but also nuclear non-proliferation system

• Book : 57(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.1-8
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

• Book : ()
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Purpose Cancer has become a significant major public health concern, making the discovery of new cancer markers or therapeutic targets exceptionally important. Elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (TNFRSF12A) expression has been observed in certain types of cancer. This project aims to investigate the function of TNFRSF12A in tumors and the underlying mechanisms.Materials and Methods Various websites were utilized for conducting the bioinformatics analysis. Tumor cell lines with stable knockdown or overexpression of TNFRSF12A were established for cell phenotyping experiments and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in BALB/c mice. RNA-seq was employed to investigate the mechanism of TNFRSF12A.Results TNFRSF12A was upregulated in the majority of cancers and associated with a poor prognosis. Knockdown TNFRSF12A hindered the colorectal cancer progression, while overexpression facilitated malignancy both in vitro and in vivo. TNFRSF12A overexpression led to increased nuclear factor кB (NF-κB) signaling and significant upregulation of baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), a transcription target of the NF-κB member RELA, and it was experimentally confirmed to be a critical downstream factor of TNFRSF12A. Therefore, we speculated the existence of a TNFRSF12A/RELA/BIRC3 regulatory axis in colorectal cancer.Conclusion TNFRSF12A is upregulated in various cancer types and associated with a poor prognosis. In colorectal cancer, elevated TNFRSF12A expression promotes tumor growth, potentially through the TNFRSF12A/RELA/BIRC3 regulatory axis.

• Book : 57(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.212-228
• Keyword :