• Book : 1070(p1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.169998
• Keyword :

Abstract

This study implements the comparative study of Casson and Williamson nanofluids by considering the impacts of linear thermal radiation and inclined magnetohydrodynamics. Here, we employ graphs to compare the variables affecting the behavior of non‐Newtonian and Newtonian fluids for a range of physical and dimensionless parameter values. The flow's coupled equations, which contain multiple independent variables, these equations can then be changed into a single independent variable by adding similarity variables and can be solved by applying the shooting method. The effects of thermomigration and Brownian motion on nonlinear flow equations are graphically examined. For an array of radiation parameter values, we have observed that the Newtonian fluid's concentration is lesser than that of both the non‐Newtonian fluids and also noticed that Newtonian fluids converge a little sooner than Casson and Williamson fluids. The primary innovation is shown in Table 1, where the mass transfer and heat transfer values are contrasted with the limiting circumstances of previous research findings that are documented in the literature.

• Book : 54(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.145-166
• Keyword :

Abstract

Background

Though several nomograms exist, machine learning (ML) approaches might improve prediction of pathologic stage in patients with prostate cancer. To develop ML models to predict pathologic stage that outperform existing nomograms that use readily available clinicopathologic variables.

Methods

Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery were identified in the National Cancer Database. Seven ML models were trained to predict organ‐confined (OC) disease, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), and lymph node involvement (LNI). Model performance was measured using area under the curve (AUC) on a holdout testing data set. Clinical utility was evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA). Performance metrics were confirmed on an external validation data set.

Results

The ML‐based extreme gradient boosted trees model achieved the best performance with an AUC of 0.744, 0.749, 0.816, 0.811 for the OC, ECE, SVI, and LNI models, respectively. The MSK nomograms achieved an AUC of 0.708, 0.742, 0.806, 0.802 for the OC, ECE, SVI, and LNI models, respectively. These models also performed the best on DCA. Findings were consistent on both a holdout internal validation data set as well as an external validation data set.

Conclusions

Our ML models better predicted pathologic stage relative to existing nomograms at predicting pathologic stage. Accurate prediction of pathologic stage can help oncologists and patients determine optimal definitive treatment options for patients with prostate cancer.

• Book : 85(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.3-12
• Keyword :

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Rhamnolipids (RLS) are surfactants that improve the growth performance of poultry by improving the absorption of nutrients. This study aims to investigate the effects of RLS replacement of chlortetracycline (CTC) on growth performance, slaughtering traits, meat quality, antioxidant function and nuclear‐factor‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in broilers. A total of 600 one‐day‐old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with eight replicates in each group, raised for 42 days. Broilers were respectively fed a basal diet with no CTC or RLS, 75 mg kg⁻¹ CTC, and 250, 500, 1000 mg kg⁻¹ RLS.

RESULTS

Dietary supplementation with RLS linearly increased the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, carcass yield, eviscerated yield, ether extract, enhanced total superoxide and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, overexpressed the relative expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1, Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, Manganese superoxide dismutase, GPx and catalase and decreased the lightness value at 24 h, drip loss and malondialdehyde contents of broilers (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, broilers fed 1000 mg kg⁻¹ RLS reduced the drip loss and broilers fed 500 mg kg⁻¹ RLS increased muscle crude fat content (P < 0.05). Compared with the CTC group, dietary supplementation with 1000 mg kg⁻¹ RLS increased eviscerated yield (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

RLS could improve growth performance, crude fat content, meat quality and antioxidant capacity and activate relative expression of genes in the Nrf2 signaling pathway in broilers. It could be used as an antibiotic substitute in diets and the recommended supplemental dose of RLS in feed of broilers is 1000 mg kg⁻¹. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

• Book : 105(2)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.858-865
• Keyword :

Background: Iodine is often used as a contrast media because the k-shell binding energy (K-edge) is 33.2 keV, the average energy of a diagnostic X-ray. Thus, iodine can be utilized as a radiation attenuation material for X-rays. Objective: This study aimed to produce low-energy X-ray attenuation materials used as X-ray shielding. A sodium iodide compound will be synthesized by polymerizing mung bean starch with sodium iodide. Materials and methods: The iodide-starch-gel-based material (ISG) was made by mixing a mung bean starch solution (10 %w/w) with a sodium iodide (NaI) solution (100, 200, 250, and 300 mg-Iodine/gm). The linear attenuation coefficient (µ) was determined using radiation dose acquired from the DR plate system and CdTe detector. The X-rays were done at 50 - 120 kVp to study the attenuation properties. Results: The results showed that the linear attenuation coefficient of t ISG was slightly higher than that of sodium iodide solution at the same concentration. The spectrum still shows an X-ray absorption characteristic at about 30.1-40.5 keV K-edge range. Conclusion: Iodide-starch-gel-based components can attenuate X-ray with a K-edge range from 30-40 kVp. The attenuation coefficient of X-ray radiation varies linearly with energy level. Moreover, the concentration of the NaI solution is directly proportional to the attenuation of X-ray radiation. Thus, based on these properties and the gel-like consistency of the substance, it can be developed into a surface coating material to reduce X-ray radiation exposure.

• Book : 58(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.192-199
• Keyword :

Abstract

A gas electron multiplier (GEM)-based detector was utilized for the first time on a spherical tokamak, MAST-U, during the 2023 campaign to investigate soft x-ray (SXR) radiation (1-20 keV) emitted from the plasma. GEM detectors, chosen for their resilience to harsh fusion environments and their ability to provide energy-resolved ($ E_{ r e s } \sim 25 \mathrm{\% } $ at 8 keV) SXR emission images (with a spatial resolution of few centimeters) with sub-millisecond time resolution, are a relatively new diagnostic compared to standard semiconductor diodes. In this study, the GEM detector features a pinhole geometry outside the vacuum chamber and observes the plasma through a beryllium window. Filled with an ArCO2 mixture, the detector consists of an Aluminized Mylar cathode, three Aluminum-coated GEM foils, and an anode made of a 16 × 16 matrix of 6 mm² pads for 2D readout. It employs custom GEMINI ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) for signal readout, enabling single photon-counting techniques with Time over Threshold analysis on each detector channel, for a maximum rate of 1 MHz per channel. Preliminary results from the 2023 campaign highlight the GEM detector’s ability to complement existing SXR camera systems by adding energy-resolved information to the spatial and temporal data. Case studies demonstrate the detector’s capability to capture Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, such as Snake instabilities, while utilizing its energy-resolved measurements to analyze plasma events, including Internal Reconnection Events. Additionally, the GEM detector enables the estimation of Electron Temperature in Maxwellian plasmas from SXR measurements. These findings underscore the potential of the GEM-based diagnostic system to enhance the understanding of tokamak plasmas by providing simultaneous spatial, temporal, and energy-resolved insights.

• Book : 36(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.016019
• Keyword :

• Book : 378(pa)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.124836
• Keyword :

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (JSR) came into being with the publication of its inaugural issue in October 1994 that contained 15 full articles comprising 100 pages. Thirty years of JSR has coincided with several Nobel Prizes that have arisen from the work undertaken on synchrotron radiation sources, with the first of these awarded to Sir John Walker in 1997, just three years after the launch of JSR, and celebrated on the front cover of the journal's July 1999 issue. This article provides an insight into the motivation as well as the journey of establishing this important journal for the IUCr and the synchrotron radiation community which has continued to grow. We also highlight some of the well cited papers for each of the five-year-periods during these 30 years and demonstrate how the journal has become the natural home for all aspects of synchrotron radiation science and technology.

• Book : 32(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page :
• Keyword :

Abstract

Micro‐x‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) is a commonly used elemental analysis technique for glass physical evidence in forensic cases, which can detect major and trace elements in samples and potentially identify glass fragments according to the differences in elemental composition. However, when a sample is irradiated with polychromatic x‐rays, bremsstrahlung scattering from the source radiation provides noise in the fluorescence spectrum and affects the detection results. To improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the fluorescence spectrum, a Mμ‐XRF spectrometer constructed under the low‐power Mo target x‐ray tube condition was used to analyze ten kinds of common glass fragments. The application of laboratory Mμ‐XRF analysis in single‐point detection of tiny glass materials was studied. Experimental results show that the detection limit of Sr element was 51 μg/L, and the spectrometer can distinguish different types of small glass fragments according to the fluorescence spectrum information.

• Book : 54(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.47-53
• Keyword :

Introduction

Head and neck oncologic resections with microvascular reconstruction are lengthy and complex procedures with inefficiencies in the operating room (OR) associated with increased complications and higher costs. Multidisciplinary care has become increasingly used to provide improved care for complex patients; however, the potential role of this has not yet been studied in head and neck microvascular free flap procedures.

Methods

Patients between 2016 and 2022 treated before and after implementation of the conference were included. Primary outcome was total procedure time (TPT). Demographics, operative details, and postoperative complications were also collected.

Results

233 patients were included in the preconference group and 330 in the post‐conference group. Preconference mean (SD) age was 61.6 (12) years versus 62.9 (12) years in the post‐conference group. The post‐conference group was associated with shorter mean (SD) TPT (629 [117] vs. 719 [134] minutes), less mean (SD) estimated blood loss (ESD) (230 [201] mL vs. 306 [211] mL), fewer prolonged lCU stays (>1 day), and fewer returns to the operating room (RTOR). The post‐conference group was associated with TPT ≤9 h (p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. Factors associated with TPT greater than 9 h include history of head and neck radiation (p = 0.003), bony reconstruction (p = 0.05), stage IVa (p = 0.009), and stage IVb cancer (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Implementation of the multidisciplinary conference in head and neck surgery was associated with reduced TPT and reduced OR return. Our study suggests preoperative planning conferences may improve surgical efficiency and outcomes in head and neck oncologic resections with microvascular free flap reconstruction.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 135:110-117, 2025

• Book : 135(1)
• Pub. Date : 2025
• Page : pp.110-117
• Keyword :