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2025
AbstractObjectiveHair is a crucial aspect of an individual's physical appearance. Thus, there is always a need for technology to care for curls and undulations. In this study, we found that heat treatment with a mixed aqueous solution of cysteamine (2‐aminoethanethiol) and fumaric acid was highly effective in improving hair quality. The purpose of this study was to scientifically elucidate the effectiveness of this technology by identifying its active ingredients, evaluating their functionality and analysing changes in the internal structure of hair after treatment.MethodWe observed changes in hair shape through a hair straightening test, analysed the components using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and investigated the effects on mechanical properties using bending and surface friction measurements. Furthermore, we analysed the hair conditions using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements and evaluated water retention using thermal analysis.ResultsIn the hair straightening test, even extremely strong curls of African human hair improved. The LC/MS results revealed that the active ingredient was 2‐(2‐aminoethylthio) succinic acid (ATS). Furthermore, by treating hair with ATS, decreases in the coefficient of friction and bending stiffness and an increase in moisture content were observed. The SAXS measurements revealed that the treatment widened the distance between the intermediate filaments (IFs) inside the hair and improved the orientation of the IFs.ConclusionATS, produced by the thiol–ene reaction between fumaric acid and cysteamine, acts as an active ingredient in hair shape control. ATS reacted within the matrix and increased the IF–IF distance. This suggests that ATS functions as a crosslinker for keratin proteins. ATS is believed to increase the moisture content of hair and improve hair texture.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Canonically, a protoplanetary disk is thought to undergo (gravito-)viscous evolution wherein the angular momentum of the accreting material is transported outward. However, several lines of reasoning suggest that the turbulent viscosity in a typical protoplanetary disk is insufficient to drive the observed accretion rates. An emerging paradigm suggests that radially extended magnetic disk winds, which transport angular momentum vertically, may play a crucial role in disk evolution. We propose a global model of magnetic wind-driven accretion for the evolution of protoplanetary disks in the thin-disk limit based on the insights gained from local shearing box simulations. In this paper, we aim to develop this model and constrain the model parameters with the help of theoretical expectations and through comparison with observations. The magnetic wind is characterized with the associated loss of angular momentum and mass, and we modeled these with fitting formulae that depend on the local disk conditions and stellar properties. We incorporated the disk winds self-consistently in the numerical magnetohydrodynamic code FEOSAD and studied the formation and long-term evolution of protoplanetary disks. We included disk self-gravity and an adaptive turbulent α that depends on the local ionization balance, while the co-evolution of a two-part dusty component was also considered. We obtained synthetic observations via detailed modeling with the radiation thermo-chemical code ProDiMo The models that include disk winds satisfy the general expectations from both theory and observations. The disk wind parameters can be guided by observational constraints, and the synthetic observations resulting from such a model compare favorably with the selected ALMA survey data of Class II disks. The proposed magnetic disk wind model is a significant step forward in the direction of representing a more complete disk evolution, wherein the disk experiences concurrent torques from viscous, gravitational, and magnetic wind processes.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
Electricity consumption data form the foundation for the efficient and reliable operation of smart grids and are a critical component for ensuring effective data mining. However, due to factors such as meter failures and extreme weather conditions, anomalies frequently occur in the data, which adversely impact the performance of data-driven applications. Given the near full-rank nature of low-voltage distribution area electricity consumption data, this paper employs clustering to enhance the low-rank property of the data. Addressing common issues such as missing data, sparse noise, and Gaussian noise in electricity consumption data, this paper proposes a multi-norm optimization model based on low-rank matrix theory. Specifically, the truncated nuclear norm is used as an approximation of matrix rank, while the L1-norm and F-norm are employed to constrain sparse noise and Gaussian noise, respectively. The model is solved using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), achieving a unified framework for handling missing data and noise processing within the model construction. Comparative experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately recover measurement data under various noise contamination scenarios and different distributions of missing data. Moreover, it effectively separates principal components of the data from noise contamination.- Book : 18(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.944-944
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2025
Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy type 1 (EDMD1) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the EMD gene, which encodes the nuclear envelope protein emerin. Despite understanding the genetic basis of the disease, the molecular mechanism underlying muscle and cardiac pathogenesis remains elusive. Progress is restricted by the limited availability of patient-derived samples; therefore, there is an urgent need for human-specific cellular models. In this study, we present the generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from EDMD1 patients carrying EMD mutations that lead to truncated or absent emerin, together with iPSCs from healthy donor. The patient-specific iPSCs exhibit stable karyotypes, maintain appropriate morphology, express pluripotency markers, and demonstrate the ability to differentiate into three germ layers. To model EDMD1, these iPSCs were differentiated into myogenic progenitors, myoblasts, and multinucleated myotubes, which represent all stages of myogenesis. Each developmental stage was validated by the presence of stage-specific markers, ensuring the accuracy of the model. We present the first iPSC-based in vitro platform that captures the complexity of EDMD1 pathogenesis during myogenesis. This model can significantly contribute to understanding disease mechanisms and develop the targeted therapeutic strategies for EDMD1.- Book : 26(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.1539-1539
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2025
Abstract
Superconducting material enables fusion reactor magnet concepts to operate with current densities that would melt materials with non-zero resistance. The application of superconducting material is considered essential for net-positive power machines. Catastrophic damage can occur when superconductivity is lost and the current generates heat. This scenario is called a quench. Stabilizer material carries the magnet current (typically copper) during a quench and is the focus of this work.

Irradiation-induced defects store energy in the Cu crystalline lattice. The presence of defects reduces thermal conductivity (thermally insulating the superconductor), electrical conductivity (increasing temperature ramp rate during a quench), and specific heat capacity (increasing thermodynamic instability). The release of stored energy in the magnet materials, in combination with the magnet material property changes, has the potential to cause extreme off-normal events in superconducting magnets that worsen with fluence.

Stored energy can be released causing local heating and increasing the risk of a quench. For example, following irradiation at 4.6K and a fluence of 0.45*10^18 n/cm^2, an energy release of 0.023 J/g was measured from Cu when increased in temperature from 10K to 18K, which would have been enough energy to create the same temperature increase spontaneously.

Extrapolations of experimental data are used to estimate when spontaneous heating can occur due to the release of energy stored in irradiation-induced defects. Critical fluence values are estimated between 1.74*10^18 n/cm^2 and 2.85*10^19 n/cm^2 for neutron irradiation of Cu at a temperature of 20K.

In-situ cryogenic calorimetry experiments, operated at high-temperature-ramp rates on irradiated magnet materials, could offer certainty for fusion magnet system designers. Periodic annealing of defects through controlled temperature cycling will be essential in fusion power plants to manage the increasing risk of quench as the superconducting magnets accumulate dose. The ideal frequency and dynamics of these maintenance temperature cycles will be established with further experimental examination. 
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- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
- Book : 37(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.509-509
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2025
Background/Objectives: Many patients evaluated by shoulder specialists suffer from intractable pain, neuropathy, and weakness. The pectoralis minor (PM) remains the only scapula muscle to receive lower trunk (C8-T1) input. We propose a novel, unifying musculoskeletal and neurologic syndrome: the Human Disharmony Loop. This model portrays how this unique PM innervation causes scapular dyskinesia which deranges the anatomy of the upper limb girdle and produces a refractory symptom complex of pain, neuropathy, and weakness. Methods: Ten patients of diverse etiologies presented with a similar constellation of complaints. Patients included: female athlete, female with macromastia, male bodybuilder, post-radiation breast cancer, postoperative shoulder arthroplasty, interscalene block injury, cervical spine disease, persistent impingement after rotator cuff repair, direct traction injury, and occupational disorder. All patients exhibited coracoid tenderness, scapula protraction with internal rotation and anterior tilt, and pain involving the neck, shoulder, and upper back. Patients demonstrated varying degrees of arm neuropathy, subacromial impingement, occipital headaches. Patients failed all prior treatments by multiple subspecialists including surgery. Each patient underwent isolated open PM tenotomy. Results: PM tenotomy completely resolved presenting signs and symptoms in all patients. This included elimination of shoulder, upper back, and neck pain, clearance of concomitant neuropathy, resolution of rotator cuff impingement, restoration of full motion, and eradication of headaches. Response to surgery was rapid, dramatic, and durable. Conclusions: The unique asymmetric neurologic innervation to the sole ventral stabilizer of the scapula, the pectoralis minor, predisposes the human shoulder to neurologic and musculoskeletal imbalance. This produces the Human Disharmony Loop: a clinical syndrome spanning the neck to the fingertips of chronic pain, neuropathy, and weakness. These challenging patients may benefit dramatically from isolated PM tenotomy.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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2025
An ultrasound-responsive hydrogel system was developed that provides on-demand release when stimulated by focused ultrasound (fUS). Diels–Alder cycloadducts crosslinked polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels and underwent a retrograde Diels–Alder reaction when exposed to fUS. Four-arm and eight-arm furan-based Diels–Alder hydrogel compositions were used to evaluate the link between the crosslinking density and the fUS-induced release and retention rates. PEG crosslinked with glutaraldehyde was also used as a non-Diels–Alder control hydrogel. By increasing the exposure time and the amplitude of fUS, the Diels–Alder-based hydrogels exhibited a correlative increase in the release of the entrapped BMP-2. Real-time B-mode imaging was used during fUS to visualize the on-demand degradation of the crosslinking matrix for the release of BMP-2. When monitored with a thermocouple, the increase in temperature observed was minimal in the area surrounding the sample during fUS stimulation, indicating fUS to be an external stimulus which could be used safely for spatiotemporally controlled release. PEG hydrogels were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and compression testing. PEG degradation byproducts were evaluated for cytocompatibility in vitro. Overall, this study demonstrated that Diels–Alder-based PEG hydrogels can encapsulate BMP-2, undergo a retrograde reaction when externally stimulated with fUS, and release active BMP-2 to induce differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells.- Book : 11(2)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.120-120
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2025
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infections in dairy sheep and goats in continental and insular Greece, based on an abattoir survey, and (ii) to evaluate potential host-related risk factors including the age and sex, as well as the altitude, the management system, the co-existence of goats and sheep, the season, and the anthelmintic treatment, on the occurrence of haemonchosis. Methods: In total, 1004 abomasa of small ruminants were examined to evaluate the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. Moreover, a structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information regarding animal and farm characteristics. Haemonchus-like helminths were collected from the abomasa and used for the molecular species identification; a fragment of 321 base pairs of the internal transcribed spacer 2 sequence of nuclear DNA was amplified. Results: The prevalence of mono-species H. contortus infection of small ruminants was 37.2%. For sheep, a multivariable analysis revealed the anthelmintic treatment (treatment with pro/benzimidazoles), the age (lambs under 2 months old), and the management system (intensive management system) as significant factors for preventing H. contortus infection. Likewise, the management system (intensive management system), the anthelmintic treatment (treatment with macrocyclic lactones and their combination with pro/benzimidazoles), the altitude of the farms (farms located over 300 m above sea level), and the season (spring and summer) were significant risk factors in preventing H. contortus infection in goats. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted management practices and region-specific veterinary protocols to effectively reduce parasitic burdens.- Book : 15(4)
- Pub. Date : 2025
- Page : pp.487-487
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2025
POP fillers containing aromatic groups with internal π–π effect can catalyze the decomposition of LiTFSI to form a stable LiF-rich SEI layer and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, which helps the stable cycle of PEO-based solid-state batteries.- Book : ()
- Pub. Date : 2025
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